34 Inside Ten -Tec - Q/?P Innovators

K4IV1DK 38 The History of Ham Radio - p&n V

W9CI 42 Try BCB DXl — when you're tired of

twenty

W82BJH 46 Build An Engine Analyzer - use your

scope!

WA6THG/KH6 50 More Repeater Control Devices — con-

trol unit/audio Interface

W7JSW 56 How Do You Use ICs? - part Vill

WA2SUT/NNNCJZVB 62 Finally] A Practical DiscFJminator! —

metering system, that Is

K4G0K 66 A Kilowatt Alternative - try a gain

antenna

WB0 KTH/4 68 All About Transceivers - Novices, take

note! WB5ASA 72 German Amateur Procedures — and re- peater Information W8CM/5 78 The DA4FB Story — Amencati repeater tn Germany WB4EWX/DA1KD i(a 92 Decode Morse - with an 8080 „ WB9KPT

1^ 98 Futureshot - just around the corner K9KIC 102 Try A Micro Contest Logger— tfw 6800 does it all KH6G!\^P IJS^ 106 Computerized Global Calculations — finding the best way to Pago Pago r--^ VE3EKR

^108 Micro Meets JANET — meteor scat- ter, anyone? W5HK/9, WB9WXM 114 Run, Sheila, RunI - reaNife radio control WB0IFF 120 CB to 10 — part Vl: antenna sugges- tions K5UKH

122 CB to '[Q- part Vff: converts TRC-ff WB8CLF

123 Battery Backup for Digital Clocks - don J miss a second

WA2EJT 130 Roll Your Own OSL Cards - original-

ity for rare ones!

G3WDI 134 Glide On Six - radio control primer

WB3BQ0 133 More IG-22S - add a programming

switch

K0HPF 140 Amplitude vs. Frequency -poor ms^'is

spectrum analyzer

Staff 142 How About An Auto CQ? - generate

some 70m activity!

K4TSY 144 SSB For the "Frog" - tame the croak

W5JJ

145 Beat the Books — $tudy half special

WB9YKe 148 Clocking Those Clock Kits — check out

the MK-03I

W6SWZ 150 Digital Signal Source - TTL signals for

counters, micros

K7HKL 152 Regenerated CW - CW: as you like It

Staff

177 High-Band Your KDK - monitor the other half!

W2PMX

178 The Rescue — real-life drama WA6LJL

179 Welding Rod Special Antenna - for seamless contacts

WA5TSJ 182 Tanks A Lotl - inductor calculation

program

WA9GUK 184 Build the El Sapo Tester - for hams

with spare time

Staff 186 FinaliyI A Simple PROM Burner! - for

the 8223 and 62S23

W7JSW 1SS Try A Topical CQ- for special interest

groups

K4GRT 189 Call Letter Gouge r — adds dass to any

shack

WB6JYK

192 Adjustable Bench Supply — would you believe f.2'37 volts?

Staff

193 Test Instrument Saver - an old phone Is reQuired

Miller 196 Photoelectric Bench Accessory — when

you need an extra "eye"

W3KBM 198 Inside the SR'52 - calculator doubles

as micro

WA6THG 200 Boost Your TR221 — with a mini rock

crusher

WA2INM 204 QRM on the Moon? — yep, on all bands

W4NVK

206 Filcher Foiler Car Alarm - car door operated

WB6THJ

207 Quick Deviation Meter - for the fC- 22A

WA1UUK

208 Build a Noise-free Power Supply - avoid spikes with sine waves

K4DHC 210 Surplus Goodies - are they really for you? Vlllastrjgo

214 Try A New Mode! - don't let boredom

strike

N4KC 216 Build A Useful HF RBmivet - Novice

special

Staff 218 Wake Up A Dead Repeater I - with

these new Q signals

K9AZG

#207 DEC 1977

6	Never Say Die
16	Oscar Orbits
17	Letters
19	FCC Math
21	RTTY Loop
22	Contests
24	New Products
26	Looking West
28	FCC
31	AMSAT
32	Hamburglar
32	Corrections
5S	Ham Help
219	Social Events
219	Ham Help
222	1977 Index
268	Propagation

COVER: Bust ol Gugfielmo Marconi at his original station locatTon in South Wellfleet MA (see page 6). Photo by W2NSD/1 .

73 Magazine Is published monthly by 73, Inc., Peterborough NH 03458. Subscription rates in the U,S. and Canada are $15 for one year, $26 for two years, and $36 for three years. Outside the U.S. and Canada, write for rates. Second class postage paid at Peterborough NH 03458 and at additional mailing offices. Publi- cation No, 700420. Phone: 603-924-3873. Entire contents copyright 1977 by 73, Inc. INCLUDE OLD ADDRESS AND ZIP CODE WITH ADDRESS CHANGE NOTIFICA TiON.

Microfilm edition — Uni- versity Microfilms, Ann Arbor Ml 48106.

\.pacesetier in amateur radio

AND DG-5 DIGITAL FREQUENCY DISPLAY

-> n

fi w

4f^

•

,383 ™f:irtT/#" J 1='^ «'

WMV

MOOE

PF ATT

S 5POS

&ANP

^»ni!

VFDH

FUNCTION

#"OWeR

FULL COVERAGE TRANSCEIVER

The TS-B20S providas full cover- age on all amateur bands from 1.8 to 29.7 MHz. Kenwooul gives you 1 60 meter capabilitv. WWV on 15.000 MHz., and an tyxih tary band position for maximum flexibility AtmJ with ihe addition of the TV-S06 transvener your TS-520S can cover 100 meter? to 6 meters on SSB and CW,

QIGITAt DrSPLAV DG-5 {option)

The Kenwood DG-5 provides e^y. d^ urate readout of your operating froduency while trans- mitting a/? rf receiving

OUTSTANOrNG RECilVEH SENSITIVITY AND MINIMUM CROSS MODULATION

The TS-520S incorpo rates a 3SK3§ dual gate MOSFET lor outstonding cross modulation and spurious response charsctertst^cs Th9 3SK35 has a low noise fig y re (3 5 dB typ.) and h^h gain (18 dB typ ) for excellent san&itivity.

NEW IMPROVED SPEECH PROCESSOR

Aft dyd*o compfession amplifier gives you extra punch in the pile

ups and when the goir>g gets rough-

VERNIER TUNING FOR FINAL PIATI CONTROL

A vernier twining mechanism altows easy and accurate adjust* mem of the plate control during tune-up.

FINAL AMPLIFIER

The TS-520S is completely solid state except for the driver (1 28- Y7AJ and the final tubes Rather than subsitute TV sweep tubes as final amplifier tubes in a state of t^ie art amateur transceiver,

Kenwood has employed two husky S-2001A (dquivalant to 61468) tubes These rugged, ime'pfoven tubes are known for Mr to ng life and superb linearFtv

kd^ effective noise blanking cnLuu aeveloped by Kenvvood that vjr* tualty eirminates ignition noi^ is buih into the TS 520S

The T5'520S has a bumAn 20 dB sttentustof that can be acti* vated by a pysh button £wich convenient jy located on tiie

front panel.

A special jack on the rear p^nel of the TS-520S provides receiver signals to an external recetvor for incrsased station versitility. A swiich on the rear pane) deter- mrnes the aigrial path . the recefx^r in the TS-820 or any external receiver,

VFO-520 remote VFO rrtaiches the styling of the TS- 5203 and provtdes maximum operating flexibility on the b«nd selected on your TS'520S,

Th&

6 TS-520S IS completaly seif- contained with a rugged AC power supply built-in The addi- tion of the DS'1 A DC-DC converter {optional} a I tows for mobile operation of the TS-520S.

The T5-520S has 2 convenient RCA phono jacks on the rear panel for PHONE ^ATCH IN and PHONE PATCH OUT,

The CW-S20'500 Hi filter can be easilly installed and will provide improved operation on CW.

The AGC circuit has 3 positions (OFF, FAST. SLOW) to enable the TS-B20S lo be operated in the optimum condition at all times wf^ether operating CW or SS8.

The TS-620$ retains all of the features of the original TS'520 tl^t rriade il tops in its class: RIT cornrof ' 8-pofe crystal filter • Buih*in 25 KHz cafibretof • Front panel carrier level control • Seml- break-tn CW with sidetone • VOX/PTT/MOX • TUNE posnion for low power tune up ■ Built-m speaker ■ Built-in Cooling Fan • Provisions for 4 fixed frequency channels • Heater switch.

TS-520

oecfffcstions

Amileur Binds I6O10 meters

p^ui WIW (rccervf only) M{Ht»: USB, LSa, Ofl Aittltni l«ip*i*^r^ W 75 CWims

kMi (^umg on* Hm ^.^^' -ti tmnutf of kvimi-tip, ma mmn 1^ Hi durmg iriY 3D mmat

l^An & SeBicoo^dors Ty^ I

(S7W1A 1 7 l2BVm>

Trar4$»: 52

FOs 19

Poiiif R«|«ifi«i«^ 120/220 V

AC. SO/60 H;. 13 J V D€

(iritti optionti DS^IA) Ptti«r Coisumplion Tfinsmrt

280 Witts Reoeive- 2$ Watts

(wtth heater off) DimeRSiOii. B3(0V|) W 1 1S3 (m

Hi 33^ 16) D ramCpndtl

Wtighl 16 D i%\Ml m TRANSMiHEi RF liiiTul Power SSB: 200 Wtlts

fif m: IfiO Watts DC Catritr Suppression: Better Uijfi

Sidtbind SuptreBsion: Better

ihin -5€ dB Spi^naus l^adLattan Better thian

-41} dB

Microphone Impedance 30h OItim AF Re&oonse 4M to 2,600 Hi

RECEIVER

Sensitivity: 025 uV lor ID dB

{S+N)/W

SeledMty; SSB;2,4 hHz/-e (IB,

44 kHi/^60 dB Selectivjtir: CW: D.5 kH;/ 6 dB,

UhK^/ eOda(«rilliDplion8l

CW'520 filtiTJ fma£t Ratio: Better than 50 dB IF Reieclion: Bdter titan 50 d8 AF Outpm Power: 1.0 Wall {B

Ohm load, with less than 10%

distortian}

AF Oulpul Imptdanct: 4 to 16 Ohms

DG 5

SPECIFlD^TIOfiS Ueasuitng Range. 100 Hf t« 40III1I

Ifif^iit Inspcdince: 5 k Ohms

Gttt Time, 01 Sk.

Input Sen^tririty: 100 Hi to 40

HH2 . 200 mV rmi or mr. 10

mi to HI MHr . 50 mV or over Measuririff Amtriqr Int^fta) lime

base accuraqr :tO,l count hm Basi 10 UHi Op«rilin| rimp«fitttr«; -10' t§

»* C/M* m^ F Power Rfquirement Sup-plied

ffooi TS 520S or 12 lo li VDC

(ROfRiflai 0 8 VDC) DiniensjQfl$ ie7l6-9/l&} Wa

43U 11/16} Hi ZSSdO-^/tS) D

mjn(indv)

Weiffit: iJ lif(19 ll»)

Q'b connectionii

Phone

Traniveriflf jeck

Bntonna ■witch

120V/^aOVawl,^itch

Following are a few of the TS-820S" many exciting features.

PLL • The TS-B20S employs the latest phas« lock loop circuitry. The single conversion receiver section performance offers superb protection against unwanted cross-modulation. And now PLL allows the frequency to remain the same when switching sidebands (USB, LSB. CW) and eliminates having to recalibrate each time.

DIGITAL READOUT • The digital counter display is em- ployed as an integral part of the VFO readout system. Counter mixes the carrier VFO, and first heterodyne frequen- cies to give exaci frequency. Figures the frequency down to 10 Hz and digital display

reads out to 1 00 Hz. Both receive and transmit frequen- cies are displayed in easy to read, Kenwood Blue digits. SPEECH PROCESSOR • An RF circuit provides quick time constant compression using a true RF comp'ressor as opposed to an AF clipper. Amount of compression is adiusiable to the desired level by a convenient front panel control IF SHIFT 'The IF SHIFT control varies the iF pass- band without changing the receive frequency. Enables the operator to eliminate unwanted signals by moving them out of the passband o( the receiver. This feature alone makes the TS-820S a pacesetter.

The TS-e20 and !>G-1 ar& fiill tvmX-

^POWEtt AllCAA ^t*

tmrvc

otp •»«■

-rs-^oc^

HIT OkL

Experience the excitement of 6 meters. The TS-600 all mod© trans- ceiver lets you experience the fun of 6 meter band openings. This 10 watt, solid state rig covers 50.0-54.0 MHr. The VFO tunes the band in 1 MHz segments. It also

.M^

I'J '#

WXIC404

BAjm

has provisions for fixed frequency operation on NETS or to listen for beacons. State of the art features such as an affective noise blanker and the RIT {Receiver Incremental Tuning) circuit make the TS-600 another Kenwood "Pacesetter".

An easy way to get on the 6 meter band with your TS-520/ 520S, TS-S20/820S and most other transceivers. Simply plug it in and you're on . . , full band coverage with 1 0 watts output on SSB and CW.

MONl

OK 9 KENWOOO TRANSCEIVER TR'fi300

.,.,^^ VOL soueiCH

; iW' . 1 n ■ ■ . u

Experience the luxury of 450 MHz at an economicaf price.

The TR-8300 offers high quality

and superb perfornnance as a result of many years of improving VHF/

UHF design techniques. The trans-

ceiver is capable of f^ emission on 23 crystal-controlled channels (3 supplied). The transmitter out- put is to watts.

The TR-8300 incorporates a 5

section helical resonator and a

two-pole crystal filter in the IF section of the receiver for improved intermodulation characteristics. Receiver sensitivity, spurious response^ and temperature characteristics are excellent.

lacesi'tter tn nmahur radio

WITH DIGITAL FREQUENCY DISPLAY

CPii *i« • vra

REPEATER

HOf^MAi GAIN

OELAV 0 — WO — »«0

1* K EM^A^naa Itt ^LL mode TRAt^SCLEIVEVf

POlAi'^R SEP#P CEN f4m ffH flf-iOK

smr'

MtC

ON£S

MODE

-AW

.•vs£?5as

RIT

SQUELCM gF^,^

&AlN^3*-aAiN

FIX CH

Features: Digital readout with "Kenwood Btue" digits * High gain receiver p re-amp • 1 watt lower power switch • Built in VOX • Semi-bresk in on CW • CW sidetone • Operates all modes: SSB (upper & lower), FM, AM and CW • Completely solid state circuitrv provides stable, long last- ing, trouble-free operation * AC and DC capability (operate from your ear boat, or as a base station through its built-in power supply) • 4 MHz band coverage (144 to 148 MHz) • Automatically switches transmit frequency 600 KHz for repeater operation. Simply dial in your receive frequency and the radio does the rest , . . simplex, repealer, reverse " Or accomplish the same by plugging a single crystal into one of the 11 crystal positions for your favorite channel • Transmit/ Receive capability on 44 channels with 11 crystals

Handsomely styled and a perfect companion to the TS-700S. This unit provides you with the extra versatility and the luxury of having a second VFO in your shack. Great for spill frequency operation and for tuning off fre- quency to check the band. The function switch

on the VFO-700S selects the VFO in use and the appropriate frequency is displayed on the digital readout in the TS-700S. In addition a momentary contact "frequency check" switch allows you to spot check the frequency of the VFO not in use.

Featiires Kenwood's unique Continuous Tone Coded

Squelch system, 4 MHz band coverage, 25 watt output and fully synthesized 800 channel operation. This compact package gives you the kind of perform- ance specifications youve always wanted in a 2'meter amateur rig

Outstanding sensitivity, large-sized helical resonators with High Q to minimize undesirable out-of-band interferance, and give a 2-pole 10.7 MHz monolithic crystal filter combine to give your TR-7400A outstand- ing receiver performance. Intermodulation character- istics (Better than 66dB), spurious (Better than — 60dB), image rejection (Better than — 70dB), and a versatile squelch system make the TR-7400A tops in its class.

Shown with the PS-8 power syppty

{Active filters and Tone Burst Modules optional}

POWER

$ KENWOOD

DC POWER SUPPiv

PS -6

OFF

This 100 channel PLL synthesized 146 148 MHz transceiver comes with 88 pre-programmed channels for use on all standard repeater frequencies {as per ARRL Band Plan) and most simplex channels. For added flexibility, there are 6 diode-programmable switch positions. The 15 KHz shift function makes these 6 positions into 12 channels, 10 watt output, .-600 KHz offset and LED digital frequency display are just a few of the many fine features of the TR-7500

The PS'6 is the handsomely styled, matching power supply for the TR-7500. Its 3.5 amp current capacity and built-in speaker make it the perfect companion for home use of the TR-7500.

The high performance portable 2-meter FM transceiver. 146-148 MHz, 12 channels (6 supplied), 2 watts or 400 mW RF output. Everything you need is included: Ni-Cad battery pack, charger, carrying case and microphone.

^mt

part sf iter hr amateur radin

€> €>

4ff ^ I

Kenwood developed the T-599D transmitter and R-599D receiver for the most discriminating amateur. The R-599D is the most comptete receive r ever offered It is entirely solid-state, superbly reliable and compact, It covers the full amateur band, 10 through 1 60 meters. CW. LSB. USB, AM and FM

The T*599D ts solid-state wah the exception of only three tubes, has buitt-in power supply and full metering ft operates CW, LSB. USB and AM and. of course, is a perfect match to the R'599D receiver.

If you have never considered the advantages of operating a receiver /transmJttef combination . maybe you should, Because of the larger number of controls and dual VFOs the combination offers flexibility impossible to duplicate with a trdnsceiver.

Compare the specs of the R-599D and the T-599D v^tith any other brand Remember, the R-599D is all solid state (and in- cludes four filters). Your choice will obviously be the Kenwood.

Dependable operation, superior specifications and excellent

features make the R-300 en uneKcelled value for the

shortwave listener. It offers full band coverage with a

frequency range of 170 KHz to 30.0 MHz • Receives AM.

SSB and CW • Features large, easy to read drum dials

with fast smooth dial action * Band spread ts calibrated for

the 10 foreign broadcast bands, easily tuned with the use

of a built-in 500 KHz calibrator • Automatic noise iimtter ■

3-way power supply system (AC /Batteries/ External DC)

take It anyplace * Automatically switches to battery

power in the event of AC power failure

^^^	^^■^^^^■■■H		Ir ,. ^-mB ^
■	F^-
m	1^^		^ ..
-^^i^r	^ - — • Ij^'jr
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		1

9/ffe e^uipmrnt that ktottgs m emy wdl equipped station

[20 Series TS*e20S

JS-S20

DG-1

VF0^820-.

CW-920 . . .

0S-1A.

520 Series TS'520S, , . DG-5

VFO^520.-

SP-520-..

CW'520. . .

DK-520

5990 SerJe

R-599D

T-599D S599

.TS'820 with Digital Installed

TO' 160 M Deluxfi Transceiver

Digital Frequency Display farTS-S2a

.Delude Remoie VFO for forTS.820/820S 500 H2 CW Filter for TS-820/820S DC-DC Convufter for 520/S20 Senes

V60-10 M Transceiver Digital Frequency Display tor TS-520 Series Remote VFO for TS^520 and TS-520S External Speaker for 520/820 Series 500 Hi CW Filter for TS-520/ 5208 Digital Adaptor Kit for TS-520 s

1 60- 1 0 M Solid State

Receiver

BO- 10 M Maichtng

Transmitter

EKtemal Speaker lor 59§D

Series

CC-29A, , . .2 Meter Convener for

R-599D CC*69 - . . . , 6 MetBf Converter for

R^599D FM-S99A.. fM Filter for R-599D

1^ .

R-300 General Coverage SWL Receiver

Ts^eoo . . .

TS-700S..

VF0-700S, SP^70.

TR^22O0A.

TR-7400A.

. 6 M All Mode Transceiver .2 M All Mode Digital Transceiver

^Remote VFO for TS-700S Matching Speaker for TS 600/ 700 Series 2 M Portable FM Transceiver

2 M Synthesized Deluxe FM Transceiver

ESSORIES

Rubber Helical Antenna Telescoping Whtp Antenna Ni-Cad Battery Pack (set) 4 Pin Mtc. Connector Acliwe Filter Elements Tone Burst Modules AC Cables DC Cables

MQd«l

TR-7S00

Tft.8300 TV-506 .

HS^4

MB-1A.

MC-50. PS'5...

PS-B.,. V0X^3

too Channel Synthesized 2 M FM Transceiver

70 CM FM Transceiver (450 MHz)

6 M Transverter for 520/820/599 Series

Headphone Set .Mounting Bracket for TR-2200A Desk Microphone Power Supply for TR-8300 Povtfer Supply for TR-7500 Power Supply for TR-7400A VOX for TS-600/700A

Trio-Kenwood stocks a complete line of replacement parts, accesssrjes. and rnaniialt for ail Kenwood modeis.

For uaft iMith

R A- 1

T90'0082*05 PB 16

£07-0403^05 See Service Manual See Service Manual Specify Model Specify Model

TR^2200A TR-2200A TR-220DA All Models TR-7400A TS-700A: TR-7400A All Models Alt Models

The Kenwood HS-4 headphorie set adds vtriatilitv >o sn.y Kenwood station For e«tefided periods of wear, tfte iHS-4 ts comfi^Ff- vbly padded and t% comp^etetv adiustabte. The fre^uamry ratpome of the HS-4 i^ tsihofed f|>ecificaltv for imateur communtcation use {300 m 3000 Hi. e ohms)

The MC-50 dynamic microphorte has been d«iign«d dKpres^jy fof emaieur radio operatian ai a Bpiandid addition lo any Kenwood t^wdi. Completa with PTT and LOCK switches, and a mitrrophone plug for mstant hook-up to any Kenwood rig. Ea&ily convened io high or low impeciance. (60O or 5Qk ohm)

TRIO-KENWOOD COMMUNICATIONS INC.

mi WEST WALNUT/COMPTON, CA 90220

KENWOOD

, fmirnrUti in aimstttif mtJiu

ffont psge $

GB IN PERSPECTIVE

Whils a lot of amateMrs are still uptight over CBers and their often wanton ways, others are busy wel- comirtg th& cream of the Cfi crop into amateur radio. About 80% of tlie new ham* are coming frann the C8 ranks, a Navy percentage of those tm'irtg the highly illegal HFerSv Oddly enough, despite aJf sorts of warnings of dis- aster, the new hams are doing qyite

Byt virhat about the manufacturers? We are now seeing more aiKl more of the CB firms turning lo amateur radio ,.. How come? In this case we can laugh, for the CB industry went to a lot of expense and trouble to almost mortally wound itself,

iack in the glorious days when everythirkg was back -ordered and the manufacturers were more worried ibout completion of construction of their new plants than anything else, tfte bigwigs of the btz did irivest some money tDwsrd making their future «ven mstef titan it then speared. They could see the 23 channels then Available rapidly filling up and there being not only a need for more channels on 27 MHz, but ^so a need for two to five megahertz for further CB development, as millions of people got into the act.

The "donations" went to their lobby in Washington. Here the money was spent to put the pressure on the FCC for new bands and for 27 MHz

EDiTORfAL 8Y WA YNE GREEN

eKpanston. When they ran Into re- sistance from the FCC, they then went via the OTP {White House) to force the FCC to capitulate. It's actually a bit more sordid than that, but you get the idea.

Through TV, movies, records, and a lot of newspaper and magazine pub- licity, the pressure was kipt on to keep CB growing . . , arvf it did. Then the plan to expand the 27 MHz band went through the usual FCC heeV dragging^ which amateurs are all too familiar witfi, and luddenly the country was faced w'rth the choice of buyir^ a CB ^i which would be virtual! V worthless in six months or else watting six months for the new 40-channe1 sets. Sales of CB sets just about stopped, while the factories in Japan kept grtncfing out the 23- channel sets to further bulge a I reedy- bulging warehouses in the U.S.

By the time the 40- channel sets could be purchased, the steam had gone out of the market and the demand for the new sets never reaUy material I zsd. That lesson having been teamed, tiie pnestres for opening a new Cfl in the VHF or UHF bands cooled quickly. Of course, the tack of pressure has not stopped ttia FCC from its conskJerations in this tine . . . these things move like a glacier and are as difficult to stop. One of the last things CB msnufacttirers and dealers need now is a new Citizens Band.

One publisher, anxious to start a new "Communicator" magazine, did manage to pull the FCC to a halt by

Memorial bmt of Marwm at the s&tion stie.

writing in a nationally-syndicated CB column that the new band would soon be announced. The FCC took this as a challenge and tabled the whole matter. They are not about to be pressured like that.

My plan to encourage ham clubs to institute Novice classes has worked

well, and the result has been a sub- stantial growth in amateurs . * * enough so the need for a Communi" cator class of license is no lor>ger important. The two reasons for the Communicator proposal were to pro*

Continued on p^ge 4 J

Oscar Orbits

Orhii

Ofw 8 D rkrDl tnltriMiH Dcu TiM

23446 ?3459 BTT** 23471

?34fl4BTN 23496

23&ag eiN

23521 BTN

1 2 3 4

5 6 7

N	23534	8
NA	23546 BTN	e
N	235^	10
HA	23571 BTW	n
H	23534	12
HA	235B7 BTN	T3
UA	23809 BTN	14
H	33632	16
NA	23634 BTN	te
N	23S«7	17
NA	TSSS^BIH	1«
H	23672	IS
HA	23684 BTN	20
HA	23697 &TH	2t
H	237CS	23
NA	23722 BTN	23
N	23734	24
NA	23747 STN	2S
N	23759	7^
NA	23772 STN	27
NA	23784 flTN	28
N	23797	29
NA	23809 BTIV	m
N	23822	31
16

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0104:15

0003:36

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01 52; 10

0051:31

0145 48

0045:09

0139:28

of £q.

Crn»n| '

7SJ

€0.1

73.7

55.5

72.1

5BJ

70.5

55.4

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874

81.0

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794 64.3 77.8 82.7 70 ilJ 74.7

73.1 56.0 71.6 6)64 70.0 83.6 68.4 82.0 66.d 80.4

The listed data tells you the t^me and place OSCAR crosses the equator m afi ai^nding orbit for the first time each day. To calculate successive orbits, makt a Itst of the first orbrt number and the next twelve orbits for that day. List the lime of the tirst orbit. Each successive orbit is 1 15 minutes later (two hours lesi five minutes) ^ The chart gives the longitude of the first crossing. Add 29'' for each succeeding orbit When OSCAR is ascending on the othef side of the world, it wtll ciescend over you. To find the equatorial deKendtr^g longitude, subtract 166 degrees from ihe aiamding longitude. To find the time it passes the north pole, &dd 29 minutes to the time it passes the equator. You ^ould be able to hear OSCAR when it is within 45 degrees of you. The easiest way to do this is to take a globe and draw a circle with a radius of 2480 miles (4000 kilometers) from the home QTH. If it passes right overhead, you should be abl« to hear it for about 24 minutes total. OSCAR will pass an imaginary line drawn from San Francisco to Norfolk about 12 minutes after passing the equator. Add about a mmute for each 200 miles that you live north of this fine. If OSCAR passes 15 degrees from you, add another minute; at 30 degrees, three minutes: at 45 degrees^ ten minutei

OSCAR 6 : Input 145.90146.00 MHi- Output 29.45 29.55 MHz; Telemetry beacon at 29.45 MHz. OSCAR 7 Mode A: Input

145.a5-t45.95 MHjt; Output 29.40-29.50 MHz, Mode B; Input 432.125-432.175 MHz; Out- put 145.925^ 145.975 MHz.

Orbits designated *'X" are closed to general use. "ED'* are for educational use, "BTN" orbits contain news bulletins, "Q" orbits have a ten Watt erp ttmit. "V indicates link orbiL "N" or "S" tndicstes that Oscar 6 is available only on northbound or southbound passes. Satellites are not available to users on "NA" days.

tel \ Ma Bp l] that

3 ! '1 e s h o u

W6LS

]

I have not seen a Caveat Emptor section in T3 Magaiirm ff>r a tong time, ^f "fou no longer print ads, ignore the two typed below. However, if you still conduct this service, please print the following ads: CQ md QST W50-7975 tssaes for safe. Send SAS£ if orden'fjg 73, Ham Radio, or other CQ and QST issues ^ One doifar mmimum order, and ail issues cost 25& each, mciudmg USA shipping. Send chrorw/ogicst list and fun payment to W6LS, 2814 Empire, Burbank CA 91504. CBftificate for provert two-way rsdio contacts with amateurs in aif ten USA calf areas. Award suitabie to frame, and pro\/en achi&vefnents added on request. SASE tnngs TAD data sheet from W6LS, 2814 Empire, Burbanf( CA 91504.

As you may remember, our club has operated a used amateur radio magaiinei ^rvice for more than a decade. It was your donation of 73 Mag9nn& that enabted us to start ^is project. We have shipped more than 3000 issues in one month, and we seldom send less than 300 magazirtes durii^g a month. Our magazine sen/ice (s appreciated by amateurs, and we have filled requests from every state and about 40 countries. We often receive very kind comments from amateurs who are happy to receive needed issues. Out club is a nonprofit organization, and we regularly donate ' 'income" to worthwhile causes as- sociated with the amateyr radio service. As is indicated in our ad, our supplies of 7 J and fiam fladio issues are always limited, and we have actually been completely out of them several times in the last few years.

We hope you understand that you and your staff are welcome to drop in at W6LS for unannounced visits when- ever yoy are in our area. We are open weekday evenings 4:30-5:30 pm and 7:30^9:30 pm. Actyally, W6LS is open and active at least 30 houi^ per week. Please exterxl our invitation to your staff. We are pleased to see Bill Pasternak whenpever he attends an everrt at W6LS, and that is usually a couple of times per year.

WSLS is St in as active as ever^ We help license about 300 amateurs per year In the courses our members teach, including about 1B0 at W6LS. We actively support amateur-related activities, such as communications for Walk'A Thons and Bike-A-Thons- We have hosted repeater conferences the last few years, along with meetings of other special interest groups such as SOWP, QCWA, OOTC, Ten-Ten Inter- national, Southern California Antique

Radio Society, Southern California Radio Teletype, MARS groups, and others. We continue to be active in commur^rty affairs, such as through our hosting of the annual volunteers fecognition day (Sunday, 25 September 1977^ for tf^ Burbank Red Cross. W6LS is also collecting donations of aluminum in 1977, and spending the income to buy refresh- mants for Red Cross blood donors in Burbank. Our 1 2th annual convention drew a little mora than 3000 attendees, and we have reached the point where we are considering a move CO larger quartern, W6LS has served as the receiving point for the ARRL California Incoming DX QSL Bureau during the last few years, and h runs ^noothlY now with pfenty of help. W6LS sorts received SASEs and DX cards according to the first letter In the calisign suffix, and we ship packages to indivtdual suffix sorters, who are members of other ciubs In our Los Angeles Area Council of Amateur Radio Clubs. We are so deeply involved in several major pro^ jects that our clu broom looks like a combination storage room and junk shop.

I have taken up Herb Brier's (W9AD) old battle to help new ama- teurs through the Novice column in CO f\^agazine. As you may recall, I have a lot of interest in the problems faced by new amateurs in general and Novices in particular. I hope to pro- vide them with some help via this column, although I realize it may not last long (since the FCC is making noises about eliminating the Novtce class of license).

I established an amateur radio operating award to provide a bit more incentive to new amateurs and to honor our beagle dog (Tad) who spent more time at W6US than most members while he was alive. The Ten American Districts certificate Is increasingly popular with new ama- teurs, and I have already issued almost 12O0 of them to amateurs In all states and about 50 countries.

Wdtiam Welsh W6DDB LERC Amateur Radio Club/W6tS

Burbank CA

Hi, Bilf . . . congratulations on the column in CQ . . . and sorry ive are out of the ctassified business these days. Well try to be sure to say helio on our next trip out your way * , . keep up the good work with f\/ovice classes, - Ed.

HOT TICKET

I'm an ak conditioning engineer who's worked the past year in Iran,

where it's been 102'' F, for the past month. I've been a ham for about seven years, and have had callsigns ODBGT and F0AZK. I now operate hen& in Tehran with calisign eP2GT* We a^so have a r^to club here with about 60 members. Some of these members receive 73 by air mail from their American companies, so I've been able to keep up a bit on ham radio activities through your fine publication,

BitI Schlapfer EP2GT Tehran, Iran

BRAVO

Br wo for your October editorfaf, "Can The QCWA Save Amateur Radio?"

I am in accordance with you 100% — this fine organization, above any otiier, could do the job that ham radio sadly needs.

I, regretfully^ am not a member, but am joining as soon as possible; Having been in ham radio about 50 years, 1 guess I'm about due.

I understand that such an illustrious gentleman as Leo Meyerson has re- cently been elected as a regional director. Along with many good men in just about every walk of life, who do not seek monetary gain and show no discfiminatlon toward old or new, who else should represent us except (as I have mentioned previously) Wayne Green? . . ,

Paddy LabatoWBDLU Cleveland OH

REAL PROBLEMS

Regarding the recent announce- ment of the Rule and Order on FCC docket '^21033: I would like you to consider supporting an addition to this controversial issue (at ieast in the midwest K

As 1 am not a Tech, I feel that I am less biased on the subiect than rrtost Techs are — but I still feel strongly that the poteniial problems need im- mediate consideration and action.

I am very disturbed by the talk in the weak signal portions of our VHF bands of a so called "war." Now, as in many times in the past, is the time for cooperation between all concerned, not "war." Quoting a recently over- heard comment on 145.1 MHz, ''Til throw my kW on the first repeater input down here/' War is a two-way affair, and FMs have kWs atso.

In general FMers and low band operators whom I have discussed this with realize that DXing, EME, RTTY, TV and satellites use some of the VHF spectrum, but they don't know how much or where. They have been very receptive and sympathetic to our potential problems, and would sup- port gent tern en's agreements and /or proposals to the FCC to prevent the potential problems.

My personal feeding is that the Rule and Order mak^ sense, e>{cept that it did not go far enough. Gentlemen's agreemenES can solve the problems of 220 MHz and up if they ^e made

known and are respected by all parties concerned with the use of these bands. Two meters, as I see it, is where the problem lies. No good argumer^t can be made that FM users and repeater operators didn't need the extra t MHz given on 2 — the problem is going to be that the 300 kHz that are usable by the Tech class for AM, SSB, CW, TV, RTTY, facsimile, and EME from 145.5 to 145.8 MHz is not going to be enough, General class license holders and above do far more work in the area above 145.0 MHz at present than in the 144 MHz portion. due to the tremendous activity gen- erated by the Tech class. You go where the action is.

As I see it, the only answer Fs to open up the lower portion of 2 meters to Techs. The 500 kHz fmm 144 to 144,5 are probably adequate, when combined with the 300 kHz from 145,5 to 145,8, to handle all modes and uses. The bottom 100 or 50 kHz could and probably should be reserved for A1 only.

I f the bottom of 2 Is not opened to the Techs, i foresee some real prob- lems for all users of the band.

Jerry G. Shepherd WBSY^W Hoffman Est IL

EARfSlING

I just finished reading the letter from Mark A. Clark WB4CSK in the September 73. He may be "lust a kid,'' but he has the attitude of a mature adult and I agree with his f stings 100%. There is r>o excuse for lowering ticket requirements to gain strength In numbers

I am working toward my Novice now; and I want the satisfaction of earning it. I'm a CBer, somewhat disappointed with CBj and It's my observation that if 90% of the CB operators knew more than how to key the mike and talk, we would have much less trouble with RFI, over- modulation^ splatter, and crude manners*

Amateyr radio doesn't need this kind of membership.

Dave Dunsmoor KAHB1022 Wahpeton NO

PACING

I have recently become a subscriber to your magazine, after belonging to the ARRL for more years than I care to remember.

I enclose a letter which I wrote to OS r and which was returned to me with a copy of an old American Medical Journal article which merely Slated the well -known facts that some later pacemakers have better shielding than some earlier models,

I had hoped that my experience might at least stay on file for the benefit of others who have the prob- lem. Since receiving my letter back, I have withdrawn my permission for QSrio use my experiences.

Perhaps I had better say that when

Continued on page 32

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FCC Math

John F. Leahy WB6CKN P.O.Box 539 Gonzaies CA 93926

in this installment, we'll leisureSy pfay around with Ohm's Law and tie up some loose ends from Part 1 ,

First, to Ohm's Law. Probably the simpfest statement is: voltage ^ cur- rent X resistance. In symbols, E = IR (remember, it's not necessary to put a muttiplication sign between tetters}. And what it means is that the instan- taneous voltage or pressure across a pureEy resistant circuit equals the amoLint of current flowing times the resistance offered to that flow, I used the words "mstantaneous" and "purely resistant" to take care of ac as well as dc circuitry. The further you get Into etectronics, the more you see of such bothersome tittle distinctions. Things are just never simple!

Let's now do some algebraic wiggling like we did in Part 1. If E = IR (back to playing with number equations if necessary), then I = E/R and R = E/l. Which is to say that the current in a purely resistive circuit equals the voltage (pressure) divided by the resistance (the greater the voltage and the less the resistance, the more the current, just like a hose carrying water}, and the resistance in the circuit equals the voltage divided by the current {the greater the voltage and the less the current, the greater the resistance must be},

Mow an example: Suppose you wanted to develop 5 volts across a resistor that carried 25 milliamps (mA) of current. What size resistor would you need? Here we're looking for the R of our formula. A good way to remember the Ohm's Law formulas is simply to note that E, voltage, Is always on top, never on the bottom of the fraction. R - E/L then, is the form we want here. But there's a problem. The formula works for Ohms, volts and Amps (Amperes), whereas here we have mifltamps. Using the proper units is always a critical factor in these problems, as it is in any measurement situation. You might be^ 6 feet tall. You most certainly are "not 6 inches tall. The number {B in this case} means nothing unless it's hooked up with the correct unit of measurement. So in our problem milliamps are no good if we want our answer in Ohms (but, as we shall see, they are fine if we want our answer in kilohms).

8ut this again brings upthesub{ect of prefixes, which is quite a subject

c d

— c

B Id 8 6

1 s

r o •D E

7 3

1 2

indeed. MEHi and kilo {and the mega we saw in our last lesson] are ex- amples. They are hooked onto the front of a unit word and completely change the size of that unit. Milli, for example, means tho\^%ar\dths , kilo means thousanc/s, mega means millions. So 25 mA is 25 thousandths of an Amp {0.025 A}. Notice how much shorter the phrase 25 mi If lamps is than the phrase 25 thousandths of an Amp, Also note that with 0.025 you're into decimals, whereas with 25 you are not. Learning to work with prefixes, abbreviations and other shortcuts is mighty important in elec- tronics computations, unless you don't mind taking up lots of space and time in computations that could be done with dispatch.

But to finish our problems, we now know that 25 milliamps is 0,025 Amps, something that we can plug into our formula even if we have not yet learned shortcut ways of handling decimals. R = E/l becomes R - 5/0.025 for our problem. Dividing bottom into lop, we get 200. So 200 Ohms is the resistance we want.

Let's check our work. To do so, we'll again use Ohm's Law, but the configuration E = IR. If weVe done our work correctly, 5 volts should equal 25 mA times 200 Ohms, Multiply 0.025 x 200 and, sure enough, up comes 5. We must have done things the right way, ,^'_J- Before we jump back into prefixes ^ifid decimals to tie things together for '"this installment of our series, let's take further note of units of measurement, since, as we've already seen, keeping these units straight in our work is pretty important. Notice how we multiplied Amps and Ohms together to get voltsi Wow, all different units! That often happens with multiplica- tion and division. The units of measurement of the answer may be entirely different from those of the problem. That's not true of addition and subtraction. If I add so many Ohms plus so many Ohms. Til get Ohms in my answer. If I subtract so many volts from so many volts, I'll get volts in my answer. The reason you get different units with division and multiplication is that units cancel just like numbers cancel: S x 11% x 9 - 7/9. The fives cancel. Or else one unit of measurement is defined in terms of other units so that they can be inter- changed with those other units and youVe still dealing with the same reality- The thing to remember is that

3 o ^-1	-a re	*fl
	:3	■o
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fS o

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Vi lb

units are handled logicalty in com- putations. With addition and subtrac- tion, you'll get the same units in the answer as you had In the problem. With multipl ication and division, you'll drop some units or get new units, but the units you dropped were canceled out and the new units were just ''hidden" in the original units because of the deffnition of those original units. An example: Drive a car at 55 miles per hour for 3 hours and youVe gone 165 miles. What happened to the hours? Here's what happened: 55 miles/hour x 3 hours - 165 miles hours/hour. The hours canceled be- cause they were in top and bottom. Note a3so that when you say per, you mean divide. 55 miles per hour means 55 miles/1 hour. That may seem strange, but it all works out very nice and logically.

Another example. 7 miles equals 36,960 feet How's that? Miles and feet are totally different units! Here's what you didn't see. There are 5,280 feet per miie. So we have 7 miles times 5,280 feet/1 mife. The mifes cancel and we get 36,960 feet. That kind of thing goes on all the time in electronics. You just take the dis- appearance and reappearance of units for granted when a multiplication or division is involved.

Now some decimal stuff* There's just no way of avoiding it^ though we have skirted around it so far. Perhaps 99% of computations in electronics require good working knowledge of our decimal system*

A decimal system Is a ten system (from the Latin d&cem, meaning ten}. Every time you move to the left, you multiply by ten; every time you move to the right, you divide by ten. In the number 777- 7, the left hand 7 is ten times bigger ihan the 7 to its right. That one. in "turn, Is ten times bigger than the one to its right, and so on. 777,7 means 7 hundreds + 7 tens + 7 ones +7 tenths, 700 + 70 + 7 + 7/10.

Naming numbers in our decimal system can be kind of tricky, because there's a variety of ways, all meaning the same thing. 7,700 can be named seven thousand seven hundred, or seventy-seven hundred, 0.025 is nor- mally named 25 thousandths, though it means 2 hundredths and 5 thou- sandths. Look at the fraction equiva- lent, and you can see why. 2/100 + 5/1000 = 20/1000 + 5/1000 = 25/1000, (Slormally numbers smaller than one are named by the last digit to the tight 0.7 (by the way, a zero is usually stuck In before the decimal point just to make sure everyone understands it f's a decimal point we are dealing with and not a period or something, and that there are no other digits to the left of the decimal) is

-B ^

-d c m

£ O

in O

■u

1 7 4

6 2 6

Fig. 1.

9 0 8 7 6 14 3

QSLsl

wnDii

iEw pa^ 252

seven tenths, because the 7 is in the tenths column. 0.93250 is nine- thousand three- hundred and twenty- five ten-thousandths, because the 5 is in the ten-thousandths column (you don't consider zeros to the right of that last non-zero digit, 5 in this case}. 0.035 is thirty-five thousandths be- cause the 5 is in the thousandths column. Using prefixes: 325 milliamps (remember, milli means thousandths} is 0,325 A. The B goes In the thou- sandths column because it is the digit to the right. 37 kitohms {remember, kilo means thousands) Is 37,000. The 7 is the digit to the right and so goes into the thousands column. You'll notice I snuck one in there. 37 kilohms is not smaller than onef Prefixed numbers follow the rule whether larger or smaller than one- Fig, 1 shows an unwieldly number, 86,732,174,626 908761435 {that's 86 bilHon, etc.), with the names of each column written above, just in case you're not familiar with those names. If you wish to test your knowledge, you might try translating that monstrous number completely into words. (Check yourself against the note at the end of this piece,}

You will no doubt recall that the rules for adding and subtracting decimals are pretty simple. You just keep the decimal points directly above and below one another. 3.025 volt* + 765 volts + 0.00096 volts becomesi

3,025 V 765 V + 0.00096 V

You can fill in zeros if you want And note that 765 has an invisible decimal point to its right. Any number in our system has that invisible point if none is showing, and you have to make it visible when doing computations. So you might do the problem;

003.02500 V

765,00000 V

+ 000.00096 V

"7^8.02596 volts

Notice how those decimals are kept in

a stra igh 1 1 i ne*

Subtractions are done pretty much as you might expect. 28,966 milli- amps - 0.00046 milliamps becomes;

28.96600 mA - OQ.Q0Q46 mA

2B. 96554 milliamps

Note the zerof w« threw into both those problems. It's often quit£ helpful to throw in or lake out zeros tike that. (Of course, you can't cto it m the mrddle of a number or beti^een the decimal point and some other digits. 706 i£ not the sdJUe as 76. 0,009 is not the sanr^eas 0.9. 73,000 ts not the same as 73U Orily zbfos at the es^treme right Of left can neceive that kind of treatment.

MMltiplyimi ilecimats is simple enough. Just multiply as though there were no decimal point, then count up the number of decimal places in both the numbers you multiplied and add those two counts, That'i how many peaces are in the answer. Eicample: 0.000037 Amps sc 26,000 Ohms might be done simply:

26,000 ?e37

1 8S000

78000

There are no decimal places in 26,000, but there are 6 in 0,000037, So there will be 0 + 6, or 6 places in our answer. It becomes 0,962000, or, dropping those unnecessary zeros to the right, simply 0-962. (Of course, you have to count the 6 places while the zeros are still there,) If that was an Ohm's Law problem, oyr answer is 0 J62 voits.

Decimal division is nnore difficutt. Well do a couple problems and state the rule at the same time. Problem: t8.73 volts ^ 6 J milliamps (remem- ber, that's 0.0069 Amps).

o.oo69rrsr75

Abbreviation P

Prefix pico

Size

tr Itionths

nano

bllionths

micro

millionths

mini

thousandths

c k

cent! kiJo

hundredths thousands

mega

millions

Examples

7 pF mear^s 7 picofarads, 0.000000000007 farads

6 pS means 5 picosecondSp 0.000000000005 seconds

1 ns means 1 nanosecond, 0.000000001 seconds 3 nF means 3 nanofarads, 0.000000003 farads

8 ^F means 8 microfarads, 0,000008 farads

9 (is means 9 microseconds, 0,000009 seconds 6^V means 6 microvolts, 0.000006 volts

A fiH means 4 microhenrys, 0.000004 Henrys

2 mA means 2 milliamps, 0.002 Amps (Amperes)

5 mV means 5 millivolts, 0.005 volts

7 mW means 7 milliwatts. 0.007 Wans

3 mH means 3 mlMihenrys, 0.003 Henrys

1 ms means t millisecond, 0.001 second

6 cm means 6 centimeters, 0.06 meters 9 km means 9 kilometers, 9O0O meters B kV means 8 kilovolts, SOOO voits

4 kW means 4 kilowatts, 4000 Watis

2 ka means 2 kilohms, 2000 Ohms

3 kS means 3 kilobucks. S3000I

5 Mo means S megohms, 5,000,000 Ohms

7 MW means 7 megawatts, 7,000,000 Watts

6 MV means 6 megavoHs. 6,000,000 volts

{n 00069,

Rufe: A^o*« the decimaf point of the

divisor ft^& number you are dividing

byl aff the vi^ to the right

{2) 69.

ffuie: Drop ttiB unne€ess3ry zeros.

(3)69

8ute: Let the dBcim^ point become

ifwisith.

{A) 187300.

/?y/e.' Move The decimaf point of the

dividend (the number you are dividing

into} the same number of phces to

the right as you did for the divisor.

Add as many zeros to the right as

fi ecessary to do this,

(5) 69)187300.

Rate: Put the prabfem together with these new numbers end set a decimaf point for the answer direcdy above the point in the dividend.

2714.4

(6) 69)1^73000

138

(7)

Tath I. Common Abbreviations and prefixes.

In electronics. If this was an Ohm's Law problem, an answer of 2700 Ohms would be plenty accurate in most cases,

Let*s try arxither problem, in order to see where the last rule applies: 12.6 volte T^ 47 k if ohms (remember, that's 47,000 OhmsK

(8)

453

4S3 ^RIO

69 276

340 276

Rule: Paying no further attention to the decintai point, proceed with the division as you would with any other division, putting each digit of the answer above the fast digit to the right of the digit or digits you /usr divided into.

Rule: If necessary to get a deceit* sized ansvmr, add zeros to the right of the deeiwst paint in the dividends (We added one here, even though it was not necessary.}

Rule: ff ^iplicabte^ M in die space between the decimal point arxi the first digit to the right with zeros, (This does not apply here, but wilf in the next problemj

In the above problem, we stopped dividing after getting one decimal place In our answer. Actual ly, we could ftave stopped 3 tot sooner. Remember (Part I) that you seldom n«ed more than 2- or 3-ciigit accuracy

47,OD0Tl5S

(5) 47000)T2!B"

Ruies: Notice that rules 1, 2, 3, and 4 do not apply, since the decimal point is already to the right in 47,000. This brings us to 5, Band 7. And fwte that to apply 6^ we first must use rule 7, (7) 47000)15:500000 Rule: To get 3 digit accuracy, we have to add $ zeros to the f2M,

(6) 268 47000)12.600000

94000 3 20000 2 82000 ' 380000

376000

Rule: Note where that first digit of

the answer goes (above the last digit

to the right that you are dividing into

that first'Step), Very important! Also

important: Keep digits directly above

or below the correct digits in the

subtractioo process^ That helps avoid

errors.

(S) .000268

Rufe: if you didn't leave that space

for the 3 zeros, your answer would be

incorrect.

Our Ohm's Law answer is 0.000268 Amps, which is 0.26S mill tamps or 2S3 mcroamps.

These divisions can get mighty hairy. That's why next time we'll get into some pretty clever methods for handling divisions and a lot of thinp that are simpty too difficult otfier- wise.

This brings us finally to abbrevia- tions and prefixes. Look over ihe Table 1 above rsfher carefully. There are other abbreviations and prefi»tes, hut these are the common ones. It*ll be quite liseful to have tftcse stashed away in your mind for future refer- ence.

f^ow try this exercise- C^eck your- self against tfie work and answers at tfie end of the column. (1) Solve for the unknown usirtg Ohm*s Law:

(a}750V,330mA,R=*? (b)470 0, t1 mA, E = ? (cj 18 V, 2200 0,l = ? (2} In the same way that we did 7777, break down this number: 1 7.352

NotB

Answer; Eifhl-iix tailMon Mvcrv hundred thirty-two million one hundred tevgntyfaMT thoussod six hundred tw§rrtv-s()t Mnd nint hundred eifht minion seven hundred fixtv- OTue ihoysand four hundred thirty-five billionthgf

Work and Answers to EHsrdsat 750

anal R -

.330

2,275 330)750,000 660 900 660 2400 2310 900 660 240

Ifs best to foiind an$vif«ir out to 2300 Ohnu, (bjE-470KO.OTt

470 x11

470 470 5170

There an 3 dgcim&l pl^oes hn O.OIt, to th* imw«r ra 5 J 70 or 5l1 7 volt^

'^ ' 2200

.ooeia

220011 8.00D0D

17600

4000

2200

leooo

t7600

400

Ans^Hf : 0.0081 B Amps (»r 8 JS ntA.

i2l 1 ten + 7 CH>e$ + 3 tenths ^ 5 hundr«^|hf ^ 2 thoiisBTXtdis, or

10 + 7+— +— + — L 10 100 1000

RTTY Loop

Marc A Leavey, M.D. WA3AJR 4006 Wf'niee Road Randaiktown MD 21133

Ham curiosity being what ft is, I'm sure anv of you with HF receivers have chanced across funny-sounding signals on the low end of 80 or 20. By now, you shoutd be aware that the ''tweed le-tweedle-dee" you hear is FSK RTTY. This month we shall investigate, in general terms, methods of decoding transmitted RTTY.

To begin with, recall that there are two methods of transmitting RTTY presently in use: FSK and A FSK.

MARK FflEO

SPACE f^e:o.

FiLTEfi PASSB^riD

When operating AFSK, you are pre- sented with two audio tones, on stan- dard frequencies (2975 Hz and 2125 Hz), regardless of the rf carrier fre- quency. FSK, however, presents two rf "tones*' which, while their relation- ship is standard (850 Hz or 170 Hz apartL niay be any of an infinite number of discrete frequencies.

Logically, our first task is to con- vert the FSK into something stan- dardized for decoding — A FSK I Fig. 1 illustrates how one obtains the proper frequencies. Note that the FSK iS tuned much in the manner of lower sideband, taut that the bfo frequency

USUAL BFO INJECTION FfJEQUENCY FOR LSB

EFFECTIVE BFO INJECTION FREOUENCY FOR RTTY

1615

EI25 Hi OLF.

2975 He DIP.

3655

KH*

Fig. 7.

AUOlO INPUT*

	■	SELECTOR
	MAONETS


DETECTOR -w-	KEYER


	LOOP
		SUPPLY

ng. 2.

IN270

AUDIO INPUT

SELECTOfT MAQNETS

AUDIO OUTPUT TRANSFORMER 4ft'&000il TYPICAL

FOR THOSE REHEMaER ., TUPE!

TOO VOUNG

,.THIS IS A

Fig. 3.

is set to reproduce the 2 kHz tones rather than speech. For those of you with crystal bfos (such as the Heath- kits) ^ a third bfo rock should be used to provide the appropriate offset.

By the way, receiving schemes are available which convert not to audio, but to the receiver i-f frequency, typically 455 kHz^ and demodulate from there. These systems are anal- ogous to those covered here, but will not be specifically discussed.

So, how do you get the ''tweedle- dee" to key your Model 15? Let's take a giant step backward. Re- member ON-OFF keying? I told you that would come in useful! Look at the block diagram in Fig. 2. A tone arriving at the Input is "detected/' i.e., rectified, and applied to a keying stage. The keying stage is an electronic switch that is closed in the absence of a signal, but opens when such a signal is input Feeding an OM-OFF keyed space signal into this primitive con- verter would produce a usable output, or, by keying a relay to invert the signal, on -off mark keying could be used.

Of course, we don't use OM-OFF keying, though, so what can we do? The simplest thing is to tune the HF receiver bfo so that the mark fre- quency is zero beat. The audio is then an 850 Hz {or 170 Hz) ON-OFF keyed space tone, and can be decoded fay the practical circuit shown In Fig. 3. This Is one of the circuits con- structed and used at WA3AJR during the mid'1 960s.

A more advanced approach is to use this basic circuit twice, on both the mark and space signals. By using fiiters tuned to the appropriate fre- quencies, each tone may be directed through a detector, and to keyers which would alternate polarity for mark and space. A special relay, called a "polar relay," can be drivers off this alternating signal to key the loop. This scheme became known as the "W2PAT" converter, after its daddy, and is block-diagrammed in Fig;, 4. With a "combiner" stage added to dispense with the poler relay and key the loop directly, this circuit remains an easy-to -understand way to get into RTTY reception.

Upon this foundation comes a whole raft of demodulator designs. Thoughts and concepts such as Jim iter vs. IJmiterless detectors, AM vs. FM techniques, and multiple other refine- ments have been debated. Additional

NEW BOOK

circuits, such as autostart or character recognition, have been tossed about. Lately, an entire new generation of converters based on phase locked loop technology has arisen. Still, the vast majority of hams active on RTTY got their start on circuits such as covered this month. Only after one under- stands the fundamentals can one branch out into new areas. We'll ex- plore some of those branches another time.

A card from Dan Griffith WB0IVJOU was received, asking for a more de- tailed explanation of ''space/' Let's see what I can do.

Consider a wire with a voltage on it. This voltage can be either on or off* We will call the ''on" state "V and the "off" state "0". Now, if we start to turn the voltage on and off in a coded sequence, such as the Baudot teletype code, the line wili demon- strate a pattern of rapidly changing Is and Os. By convention, it has become customary to call the "1" "mark" and the ''0" "space." Although 1 used ON-OFF voltages in this example, it could have been OF PON keying, positive and negative> high and low, or changes En ac or rf frequency. The words "mark" and "space'' denote a logic state difference, just as do "'V and ''0". "Space" has frothing to do with the "space" character on a tele^ type. Any system in which a signal is coded as two state* could have a "mark" and ''space/' even Morse codel

An overview of transmitting circuits is up for next time. Meanwhile, If anyone has specffic points or ques- tions for future columns, ptease send them to me at the above address, or In care of 73.

MARK

DCTECTOR

-w-

FILTER

AUDEO INPUT

SPACE fl FILTER C^

DETECTOR

SHAPER

Fig. 4.

KEVER

POLAR RELAT

TO SELECTOR

MAGMETS

KEYER

Hoben Baker WB2Qf£ 15 Windsor Dr. At CO NJ 08004

ARRL 160 METER CONTEST Starts: 2200 GMT Friday,

E^ecember 2

Ends: 1600 GMT Sunday.

December 4

The 7th annual ARRL 160 Meter Contest is open \q at I amateurs on CW onty. Mu I ti -operator work ts per- mitted and scores vvitl be listed sepa- rately in the remil% tstii they will not be eligtblfi for certificates, EXCHANGE:

RST and ARRL section or country. SCOfiiNG:

QSOs with arrtateurt in an ARRL seaion count 2 points; QSOs with amateurs not in am ARRL section are wonh 5 points. DX to OX QSOs do not count Multipligr is the total numbef of ARRL sections (741, VE8, and foreign countries worked* AWARDS:

Certificates will be awarded for section and norvW/VH coumry high scores. Division high scores will have their section award endorsed with an approF>riat€ sea). FORMS:

It is suggested that contest forins be obtained from the ARRL, 226 Main St^ Newington CT 06111. Check sheets are not required, but a penalty of 3 additional contacts will be made for each duplicate contact.

These ruies wBfB takers from fast year's corrtest For complete ruhs, see the Novemb&r issue of QST.

CONNECTICUT OSO PARTY Starts: 2000 GMT Saturday,

December 3

Ends: 0200 GMT Monday,

December 5

Rest Period: 0500 to 1200 GMT

December 4 The Candlewood ARA has moved its 15th CT OSO party frtim the traditionai first of May to the first weekend of December In an effort to find a time when band conditions are favorable and when other events are minimal Phone and CW are con- sidered to be the same contest, Sta^

tions may be worked once on each band and mode. Out^f -state portables and mobiles operating In CT are re- quested to identity themselves as such. Counties certificate will be awarded to each station working all 8 CT countiesL EXCMANGE;

QSO number, RSfT), and ARRL section or CT coiiniy. FREQUENCtES:

SSB -^ 3925. 7250, 14300, 21375. 28540.

CW — 40 kHz up from bottom of each band. SCORING:

Non-CT stations multiply total number of CT QSOs by number of CT counties worked (8 max J. CT stations multiply total number of QSOs by number of ARRL sections and pruv^ inces. Additional DX contacts count for QSO pointy but only one DX muiliptier is allowed overalL Q1QL the Club station, v/il1 be operating CW on odd hours, and SSB on even hours, and counts as 5 QSOs on each band and mode. ENTRIES:

Logs must show category, date, time (GMT), calls, numbers, bands, QSO points, and claimed scores. Enclose a large SASE for results. Send logs, postmarked by Jan. 15, to CAR A, c/o Fred Porter WlVH, 169 Carmen Hill Rd. Nr. 2, New Milford CT 06776.

TOPS CW CONTEST

Starts; 1800 GMT Saturday, December 3

Ends^ 1800 GMT Sunday, December 4 General call is "CD QMF/' Entry classes for singte/muiti-operator. Use 3.5 to 3.6 MHz band only; use low end of band for DX-CW only! EXCHAf^GE:

RST and serial number from 00 L SCORfNGr

Contacts with own country ^ 1 point; each call area in W/K, VE/VO, VK, and UA count as separate coun-

1

L/fiC -4^*1

Dec 3-5

Dec 10-11

Dec 17-1S Dec 31 . . . 1978 . Jan 14 Frt^ll 12 Aug 19^20

ARRL 160 Meter Contest

TOPS CW Contest Alexander Volta RTTY Contest EA Phone Corrtest Connecticut QSO Party ARRL 10 fVtetef Contest EACWCorrti^t HA DX Contest SOWP CW Christmas party Key Night

Hunting Lions in the Air Cont^t

Ten-T«n tniertiational Net Winter QSO Party

^y QSO Party

tries. Comacts with stations in same continent count 2 points, other oarv tinents " 5 points. Contacts with HQ station GW8WJ or GW6AQ count 25 points- Total score is total number of QSO points times number of prefixes worked (as per WPX award rules). ENTRiES:

Send logs to Peter Lumb G3IRM^ 14 Linton Gardens, aufv SaJift Edmunds, Suffotk IP33 2DZ, United Kingdom.

How about some US participation this year? There wasn't a sirt^e entry from North America last year!

ALEXANDER VOLTA RTTY DX CONTEST

Starts; 1200 GMT Saturday.

Decembers Ends: 1200 GMT Sunday.

December 4 Two-way RTTY contacts between stations of the sam© country are not valid. Ail 2' way RTTY contacts with stationi in one's own zone will count 2 points; those outsidie one's own zone count for points in accordance with the exchange points table. All 2' way RTTY contacts made on 7 MHz are worth double; those on 3.5 or 2S MHz are worth triple points. Stations may only be worked once per band. A muttipiier of one is given for each country contacted on each band. Total score is total exchange points times the total number of multipliers times the total the total number of QSOs. Italian bonus points are added last ^ 1000 pomts for each I /IS/ IT contact on all bands. Note: Each US, Canadian, and Austral I a r> District will be considered a separate country 1 Exchange consists of message number, RST, and zone. Use one log per band. Log forms, score sheets and exchange points table are available for IRCs. Logs must be received before Jan, 20, 1978, to qualify {advisable to use air mail). Send logs and score sheets to: A. V. RTTY DX Contest Committee, SSB & RTTY Club, PO Box 144, 22100 Como, Italy.

This contest is open to SWL RTTYers as well, and the same rules apply as used for trar^mltiing sta- tions: a separate results table wtif be made for these entries. Contest awards iriciude calibooks, plaques, books, etc In addition, points and positions achieved in this contest will be valid for inclusion in the "World RTTY Championship" for 1977,

Club station I2LL0 will transntit a special message for 10 minutes at 2350 GMT Saturday. December 3. on 21.100 MHz at 300 Wans 170 Hz FSK, 4S baud^ A special prize will be forwarded each amateur submining a copy of the message transmitted,

ARRL 10 METER CONTEST

Starts: 1200 GMT Saturday,

Dttcimbar 10

Ends: 23S9 GMT Sunday, December 1 1 The contest ts open to all amateurs worldwide. All QSOs must take place on 10 meters, and OSCAR QSOs are valid. Each station can be worked on phone-to-phone and CW-to-CW, and anyone can work anyone. All CW contacts must be made betwei^i 2S.0 and 28,5 MHz, unless working through OSCAR, When operating on 10 meters, please avoid the OSCAR downlink frequencies.

CLASSES:

Entries will be classified as either single- or multiple-operator stations^ Multiple^transmitter stations are not allowed,

EXCHANGE:

Alt W/VE stations will send ftS(TJ arKJ state or province. Othef^ will servd RStT) and consecutive serial number starting with 001, Stations that are not land-based will send RStT) ^T\d ITU Region (I. 2 or 3i. The District of Columbia is counted as part of Maryland.

SCORfNG:

Each completed QSO counts 2 points, or 4 points tf with a W or K Novice. The multiplier is the sum of the total number of states, Canadian call areas (max. 9), ARRL countries (not US or Canada), and ITU regions from no n- land-based stations. Final score is the sum of the QSO points times the total multiplier.

AWARDS:

A certificate will be awarded to the highest scoring single-operator station in each section, Canadian call area, and foreign country, Region awards for non- land-based stations, and awards for multi -operator and Novice stations will be issued if warranted^

FORMS:

It ts suggested that contest forms be obtained before the contest from the ARRL, 225 Main St, Newington CT 061 1 1; Include an SASE. Check sheets are not required, but a penalty of 3 additional contacts will be made for each duplicate contact.

Tb&e rules we/^ iaken from f3st year's contest For complete rules ^ see the November issue of QST.

HUNGARIAN DX COf^EST Starts: 1600 GMT Saturday. December 10 Ends: 1600 GMT Sunday, December 11 (Unofficial) The contest is ^lonsored by the Hungarian Radioamaleur Society and is open to any licensed radio amateur. All amateur bands from ^ to 10 met^^ may be used on CW only. Genera call m ^TEST HA," while Hungarians will give 'TEST WW." Entries may be in any of the following classes: single op, single bend: single op, mtiltt'band; or multi^op, multi- band.

EXCHANGE:

RST and continuous serial number from 001, After their signal report, Hungarian stations wiil give a two- letter cx)de for tineir lcx:ation (county) as foilows; BA, BP, BE, BM, BO, CS, FE, GY, HA, HE, KO, NO, PE, SA, SO, SZ, TO, VA, VE,2A.

SCOf^mG:

Each HA QSO counts 1 point. The same station may be worked oniy once per band. Eacin different HA county worked counts 1 multiplier point per band. Final score Is total QSO points times sum of multiplier points from each band.

ENTRIES:

Logs must be made in usual form with summary sheet and signed declaration. They should be matled within 6 weeks after the contest to: Radio Amateur League of Budapest, H-1553 Budapest, P.O. Box 2, Hungary,

AWARDS:

Certificates to first place station from each country in each class or

section. Additional places if war- ranted.

1977 CW CHRISTMAS PARTY

The Society of Wireless Pioneers (SOWP) Is planning a membeirship Christmas on-the-air CW QSO Party for the weekend of December 17 and 18, 1977. The party will cover the full GMT period to altow members around the world to participate. This will be the second Christmas on-the-air party held by the Society.

The purpose of the affair will be to give members an opportunity to meet on the air and to exchange Season's Greetings- There will be no formal exchange requirements and no need for members to submit logs, etc.

All members with amateur If censes are being encouraged to take part. The call will be CQ SOWP. While there will be no certificates or other awards given, everyone who takes part will be a winner by having an opportunity to renew old friendships, establtsh new ones, and continue a camaraderie developed over the yems.

Suggested frequencies for the party are 55 kHz up from the tow end of each amaiteur band. Additional infor- mation about this party and the Society can be obtained from the Party Coord iniator, Bill Wiilmot K4TF, 1630 Venus Street, Merritt Island, Florida 32952.

ARRL STRAIGHT KEY NIGHT 0100-0700 GMT Sunday, January 1 Check QST for any changes in the

rules!

Basically, rules require the use of a straight key only. Send "SKN" in- stead of "RST^' during QSOs, to help identify contest stations. On 80-40-20 meters, try 060 to 080 kHz up from the bottom edge of the band. On Novice bands, try 10 kHz up from the bottom of the Novice band. After the contest period, send a list of calls of the stations contacted during the con- test period, plus your vote for the best fist heard. Please maii entries as

RESULTS OF THE TEN-TEN INTERNATIONAL NET SUMMER QSO PABTY - JULY 16-17, 1977

Singh Op stations U.S. District 1

Mufti-Op:

VE District

1 2

W1MR	346/655
WA1QHS	260/493
WA2YYT	548/1013
K2FW	525/967
W3RJ	1041/1871
WA3YRM	eoO/1 460
K4XS	1046/1897
WB4CHK	716/1315
WA5JDU	555/1057
W5RRR	404/777
WA6LLW	350/641
W6ED	336/638
WB7NCD	443/825
WB7AEB	414/772
WB8FAG	507/937
WB8EDG	253/485
WA9 XF	418/784
WA9PQY	2B4/539
WB0QHV	719/1335
K0JN	632/1 1 78

W9N1N

VE1ASU VE2DZ0 VE2ADZ VE3HHS VE3JHA

501 /925

1 22/229 252/445 t09/206 1 25/233 69/134

4	VE4VV	197/371
	VE40Y	116/221
6	VEeBCC	73/139
7	VE7CMK	223/414
	VE3CXL/7	39/74
DX
	ZF1AK	105/199
	KP4DQN	20/39
	LU7FAG	86/1 62
	LU6DMZ	45/84
	DK5UG	11/16
	JH3BJG	2/4
	JR3GDY	1/2
	VK4JP	52/62
CW Winners:
	W5SQW	72/93
	WB4MWG	23/29
	N9DP	8/10
Chapter Winn	ers:
	Colorado 10- to 6942/13425
	White House	6347/T2U4
	Gateway	5599/10819
	Bay Area	5634/10653
	DeviTs Triangle	\ 4121/7769
	Mo-Kan Tenners 3338/6366
	CATT	3304/6293
	North Georgia	2588/4815
	So- California	2458/4636
	LIARS	2366/4513

soon as possible to the ARRL^ 225 Main Street, Newington CT 061 11.

WORKED ALL NEW ENGLAND AWARD

For working stations in each of the 6 New England states on 50 MHz band or higher. Endorsements on request for all ATV, SSB, CW, OSCAR, etc. Ail contacts must be on or after Jan. 1, 1976. W/K1 stations work two stations from each state, other work only one station in each state. Send log consisting of date, time, call, name, and state, along with check or money order for $1.50 (DX send 2 IRCs) to: Worked All New England Award, Ronald Pariseau, Chairman, R1 Box 213A, Thompson CT 06277. Make checks payable to Ron Pariseau, Chairman.

TRI-STATE CERTIFICATE

Award is for working stations in the Tn'-States of Connecticut^ Massachu- setts, and Rhode Island, Contacts must be made on or after Jan. 1, 1977. W/K1 stations must work three stations from each state; other call areas and DX stations work one sta- tion from each state. QSLs must be In your possession, but need not be sent with application. Cards may, however, be requested later. Log wiil consist of date, time, ca3f, name, state. The award is open to ail amateurs on alt bands; hand- written endorsements are available on request. Send fogs and $2.00 check or money order to: Tri- State Amateur Radio Club, Award Committee, Box 213A R1 , Thompson CT 06277.

I I

Alt new

*.'

*",

This CertKieate acknowledges

hat

iii=

, has I successfuiif' worked

six

the r^quirei;^ stationsyWn a

^ew/ EnglajMi states

and has gifBlified/ for endorsementfs)

listed below^'TTl V^ 50 MHz and above.

Endorsement

Signed

'I^J^lfJX^I^Xr

RESULTS OF 1977 NJ QSO PARTY

NJ wmaBts:

Bergen

Burlington

Cape May

Essex

Gloucester

Hunterdon

Middlesex

Monmouth

Morris

WA2GM0

tM2MM

W2VIVIX

K2TA

M2GQ

W2GD

WA2NPP

WB2GXR

WA2EPK

2,970

30,690

546

1 2.208

5,292

16,400

64,253

17,697

8,360

Ocean Passaic Somerset Sussex

Union

W82VWW

IS!2SU

WA2EJZ

WB2KBH

WB2FUE

Top out'Of&taie scores: K3UEi E. PA

■W2TIMD/1 NH

W6ZT/3 W. PA

W2FVS NYC- LI

9.328

16,352

1,586

10.896

2.187

3,171 2,000

1.748 1,674

Nen/ Products

SINGLE CMOS CHIP MAKES

INEXPEMSIVE 3-3/4 DIGIT

PANEL METER

A new ddditiDn to tl^ Matlonat

Semiconductor data conversion line is the '^ADD370i;' a sir^gle CMOS fnte^ grated cirtuic which requires only 3 displav. art enter nal voltage reference, ami a digit drivef to form a complets 3-3/4 digit DVM (digital voltmeter) that reids up to 3.999 units.

Manufactured using standard CMOS technology, the ADD3701 is an ex- tended-range version of Mationafs "AOD3501" 2% digit DVM iniro- duced earlier this year^ with readings up to 1.999. The additional range of the new DVM chip expands the appli- cations of the device Into areas where a reading of 1.999 isn't high enough, such aA ivet^t measurement on bath- room scales and measurernent of de- grees of rotation or lemperatyfi.

The ADD370t utilizes a tingle five-volt supply to drive a mylilplexed seven-segment output dinectly, and features differential input protection to 200 volts. Overrange condition is displayed by "+OFL" or *'^FL" indi- cation, ciepending ypon whether the input voltage is positive or negative.

The 3701 also features auto-polar- Ity and an on-chip clock that elimi- nates the need for an external signal timing circuit. This internal oscillator can be set by an external RC network, or the oscillator can be driven from an external frequency source.

When using the external RC net- work, a square wave output is ava it- able. It is important to note that great care has been taken to synchronize digit miltipiexing with the A/D con- version timirig, to eliminate noise from power supply transients.

A pulse modulation ana log-to- dig itai conversion method is used, requiring no external precision com- ponents. The seven-segment outputs are capable of deliivering up to 40 milliamps per segmenL making the ADD3701 ideal iv suited to drive 0.5- inch and D,7'{nch common cathode LED displays. The price of th« model

"ADD370rCCN" is S11.95 when purchased in lots of 100. Deltvery is from stock. N&tfofmf Sem/coniifuctorf 2900 Semiconducmr Drive, SantB Claat CA 95051.

THIRD HAND

That's what you need when you are working on PC boards — they just won't hold still. One of our readers out in Hawaii came up with a little clamp arrangement Iwhtch is being marketed by a firm in California) called the 3rd HarKl^ You clamp one part of it to your table, anything from 3/4*' to \W' ttiick, and then clamp the other part of the gadget to the PC board. There is a piano hinge between the two parts so you can flip the PC board over and work on both sides.

It selfs for S6.9S plus postage, lax, etc. 3ni Hand, Box 60579, Sacra- nmnto CA 95860.

TERMINAL STRIPS FOR PC BOARDS

The TS series of tBrminaJ strips p^rovides solderless term mat ion of wire leads via positive screw-activated clamping action. Strips are available with 4, B, or 12 positions, and accommodate wire sizes 14-30 AWG ill 80. 25nnm), Pins are silver-plated brass, *040 inch (1mmJ diameter, on .200 inch (5mml centers. Featurra include unbreakable polyamid bodies and consecutively numbered ter- mlnats. Rated 10 Amps at 300 V. In stock for immediate delivery from O.K, Machine and Tooi Carparation, 3455 Conner Street, Bronx, New York W475.

SYNTESTSl-101 FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER

The Syntest Corporation Model SI- 101 frequency synthesizer provides excel ient general purpose performance at low cost Typical applications for the Synteat SM01 instrument include use as a calibration standard for test instrumentation, as a precision pro- grammable clock for systems use, and for the alignment of active filters.

Syntssr*s Model Si*fOl frequency synthesizer.

The Model SI-101 features 4% digits of resolution from 0.1 Hz to 16 MHz. A high stability internal reference oscillator, i 10 PPM over the temperature range O-SO"* C, and fast programmtng highlight this versatile instrument The synthesizer provides a continuously edjustable 50 Ohm TTL output. The unit Is completely solid state and incorporates a rugged power supply for high reliability.

Power requirements are 115 or 230 V X, rear panel switch selectable, at 5 W maximum consumption. The Sl- tOI is housed in an attractive 8.50'' W X 3.20" H X 9.00" D enctosure.

An industry standard RETMA rack mount adaptor, as well as a ±1 PPM reference oscillator^ are offered as op- lions. Custom configurBtlons are avail- able from the factory.

Price of the Syntest SI-101 fre- quency synthesizer is S459.00 in unit quantities and availability is stock to 30 days. Synt&st, 169 Miifham Street, Mariboro MA On$2.

NEW 1978 RADIO SHACK CATALOG -2S9 ISSUED

The new 1978 Radio Shack Cata- log, the company's 30th corLsecutive issue, is now available from Radio Shack stores and dealers , rtatiomwide.

The 1&4<-page catalog includes 100 full'CoLor pages ctescribing the company's exclusive line of products for home entertainment, hobbyists, CBer^, and experimenters.

An insert card in the catalog intro- duces RadJO Shack's new TRS-80 Microcomputer System, which, ac- cording to Radio Shack president Lewis Kornfeld, is "the most imper* tant product ever offered by Radio Shack/'

"The TRS-80's importance," Korn- feld stated, "goes far beyond the mere design, constructionp and sale of the fine piece of electronic merchandise. Primarily, it signifies the dawn of the microcomputer age in respect to avail' ability and affordability to ordinary people, schools, and businesses every-

Nstlomf Semtcof^dvctor's ADD370t singie CMOS chip.

•pSE-

where, even for personal yse and entertainment.

"Secondarilv, the TRS-SO should convince mi I Marts of folks that Radio Shack IS 3 technological company as well 35 a marketing company."

The new catalog also includes coupons offering two Supenaps* either reehioreeip 8-track cartridge, or cassene, for the price of one, two PBox kits for the price of one, and any of the company's project boards for half price.

Among the new items introduced in the data 1 00 are 40 channel Realistic C3 two-way radios and a setectton of electronic calculators ranging in price from S8.88 to SI 09.95 for a recharge- able printing calculator with full memory.

The new catiiog also lists hundreds of specialized electron ics items, parts and accessories, tools, tubes, semtcon- ductors. wire and cable, intiH'COms, microphones, timers, batteries^ and a complete library of Radio Shack's own books on electronics and related subjects.

Radio Shack's 1978 Catalog -289 is available free on request from Radio Shack stores and dealers, nationwide*

Radio Shacl<, a division of Tandy Corporation (NYSE), has more than 6,000 stores and dealers in ail BO stales and Canada, and near I y SOQ stores overseas operating under the name Tandy International Electronics^ Tandy CorparBtion^ 261? WBSt Sgvmth Street, Fort Worth TX

CLEGG COMMUNICATIONS PROFILE

It was a nice day in early May^ a nice day to take a ride from Valley Stream, New York, where I was staying, to a more pleasant place. Early In the morning, I drove into Brooklyn to pick up Larry, who had agreed to leave his homemade com- puter for the day and act as my photographer on this assignment. Our destination some 90 miles away - Lancaster, Pennsylvania, the home of Ciegg Communicatior^ and Ihe man behind the name, Mr. Edward T. CI egg W3L0Y,

The three-hour ride from Brooklyn gsve us a chance to reminisce about the old days, the time when VHF meant siie meter AM, a tlrne when Clegg reigned supreme. I car^ re- memher it as if it were yesterday, though it^s rsow over 16 years ago. t remember my very first transceiver — a rather pretty gray and white box that ran 7 Watts at 100% modulation and featured a super sensitive state- of-the-art (of that day) receiver that gave the popular receiver/converter combinations a good run for the moneV' I remember placing this tittle box atop Larry's SX-28 and Techcraft converter to make a comparison, I can even pkiiure the expressions on our faces wtien we found ttiat the trans- ceiver could hear as wetl as the Tech- craft SX 28 comlDo, Not a very scien- tific test I will admit, but for a pair of teenagers, it was all we needed to be convinced. The radio we literally fell In love with was known as the 99er, and It came from the man we would soon see. The Clegg 99er - a radio

tt^t seit the industry and six meters both on their proverbial eari^ es- pecial iy when it came on die market at a price that was half of anything comparable.

The 99er was not the first radio from Clegg, nor was it to be the Ian- Fact is, Ed Clegg was designing and marketing VHF communication equipment for amateur use well be- fore most of the competition con- sidered it fashionable. The 99er was my first personal exposure to the famous "Clegg line/' a Une of amateur VHF equipment that down through the years has always managed to stay a jump or two ahead of competitors^ There was the Thor VI - 60 Watts AlVI with a VFO that automatically tracked the transmftter to the recervef tcommonpiaOT today In HF and VHF SSB, but this was the early sixties and six AM}. 5SB came to six In the mid-sixti^. and one of the first entries was the Venus and Its matching ApoUo fin^f amplifier. And who can ever forget the Cadillac of VHF — the radio twins that meant you were on the top - the Clegg Zeus transmitter artd matching Interceptor receiver.

Whan we found FM and two meters^ Clegg had already discovered It The AM 22er gave way quickly to the 22er FIVI, which eventually itseif gave way to the first fully synthesized radio to hit the US marketplace <- the famous FM-27, 27A, and 27B. These radios, five to seven year^ o'd, stiU bring a pretty penny at resale tima The FM*27 %&t'\es of radios was de- signed to last as long as two meters lasts, regardless of what band plan or spilt may be in use. It would wofk anywhere, and thai sold tt. Soon though, in many cities, two meters was bulging at the seams with activity. What to do? Move up, up to 220 MHz. Again, Clegg was first with his FM-21, a radio that used but one crystal to get both the transmit and receive channels. The FM-21 that . . , we're here . . . Che time has flown.

IVot one to tarry, Larry set to work photographing everyone and every- thing in sight while I sat down to eyeball with Ed. We spoke of many things — pending mlemaking, the ARMA organization that Ed is a member of, and finally, the ojrrent line of equipment No matter How much or how little yoy have to spend, there is a radio in the Ciegg line to fill your need, AM has given way to FM, and the entire line shows this. Two meters? We start with the IVIK-3 - fifteen Watts and twelve channels in a neat iittle box that comes complete with mlc, mic hanger, and mounting bracket The receiver is double conver- sion and the price is well under the $200 mark.

Want to be able to work any

channel yoy desire and never have to purchase a crystal? Clegg has two radios that will meet your criteria. At around the S3S0 mark, there is the FM'28. For your money, you get full t44 to 148 MHz coverage, LED read- out, €00 kHz up/down for repeater use, option of other offsets, 5 kHi split ability for repeaters on tertiary channels, and one of the best sounding transmitters found on the air these days.

Top of the Clegg 2 meter line is the FM-DX, a radio that has become a legend in its own time. Fully digitally synthesized with 40 Watts out and coverage from 143.5 to 148.5 MHz, letting the owner work MARS servicei if he is so associated, along with every other feature that the avid two meter FM enthusiast might v^nt (except a butlt-in tone pedK the FM-DX is a radio appreciated by many discrimi- nating amateurs. It's not Inexpensive, but even at its approximate $600

price, it's well worth the money. Those amateurs vifho own the FM-DX will settle for nothing else. That says a lot in itseif.

Not that two meters m the only interest of Ed Clegg and his company. Two meters in many places is gettir>g really crowded. With an eye to the future, about five years ago Clegg was the first on the market with a 220 MHz radio designed and priced for the

Continued on page 55

Phovat by Urry Livy WA2INM

£d O&gg — servicing wf$st h9 seift.

WASiTF €fm the wor1d*s targesi coHection of FM-DXs^ aif ready for delivery.

One of the complete service faciUties et Cf egg's Lancaster PA factory.

Looking H/est

8iit P&stemak WA6ITF 24B54C Newhafi Ave. N^whsU CA 9^321

Ths f>ews about 21033 first re^hed this area at about 7:30 pm on the evening of Septembef 23, in the fomn of a lettphon© call from Jay O^Brnen W6G0 to Jim Hendefshot WA6VQP. current SCR A chairman. It took everyone quiie by surprise.

THE B(G CHANGE IS ON TWO

Probably of most significance to the average ham is the deregulation of a second subband on two meters for relay communication. This does not mean that repeaters must be placed In the segment from 144.5 to 145.5 MHz. Rather, it gives ustheopfro/r to do so if we wishv In deregulating this new ^ubband, the FCC has aiarined many of the amateurs who specialise in other aspects of MHf. such as SSB, EME ex peri men tat ion, and local AM rag chewing. Needless to say, these people have been less than enthu- siastic about thi5 change, and in some areas organized non-FM groups have already declared ^wsr^' on any attempt to channelize this portion of two meters and assign repeaters to it. While no FM ^oup wants such a confrontation to develop, rt is likely to happen trt some places.

Coord ina^tors probably face their biggest challenge yet Not only must they deal with the needs of those amateurs involved In relay communi- cation, but they also will have to come to terms with non-reiayHanented groups. Remember, during the earty days of coordinaiion, councils were dealing for the most part with spec- trum that W3S usually vacant and unused.

Gro^ips of amateurs involved in non-relay communication have banded together over recent years in an effort to preserve their special interests and help foster the growth of »jch interests. A well-known and suc^ cessful Texas organization of this kind is Sidewinders On-T wo. Here in Southern Caltfomla, we now have a local chapter of SWOT, and this ofgani nation has been growing. To do well, the coordinator of today must deal with the needs of the non-relay- onenied ainateurs on a basis equal to that of tho^ involved in FM relay communicatron.

TWO METER BAND PLANS

lr» the five days since the deregula- tion, several potential band plans have been proposed. There is the right- stde-up 20 kHz plan with builtin protection for non-FM interests, al- ready adopted by the Northern Ama- teur Relay Council at a meeting on 9/25/77, at least two 30 kHz ptans following the system used between 146 to 148 MHz (with the only difference between the two being which way the 15 kHz splits will go), and, finaMy, the proposal that 100

kHz translators, rather than repeaters, should be coordinated within that spectrum so as to be compatible with existing and future activity^ Only the NARC 20 kHz pian and the translator Idea take any great pains to protect the interest of already existing activity. The other plarrs seem to look out mainly for the welfare of those irwolved tn repeaters.

As outlined by Jay O'Brten W6GD, here is the MARC plan, atong with their reasons for adopting it: There would be twenty repeater channels with 600 kHz input-output spacing. 144,9 through 145.1 MHe would be left open for direct (simplex] com- munication of any kind* Repeater inputs would be 144.51 through 144.89 MHz. Repeater outputs would be 145.11 through 145.49 MHz. Channel spacing would be 20 kHz.

Rationale: 1) since the FCC did not allow the Technician SSB activity to relocate to 144.0 MHz, the present activity at 145.0 MHz is respected by the provision of the 200 kHz r>on-FM bind; 2) ehannd spacing was selected to provide 20 completely usable channels qi>aced 20 kHz. instead of 26 unsatisfactory channels spaced 15 kHz — they were persuaded not to repeat the 15 kHz spacing error made in the 146 to 148 MHz band: 31 input low was chosen to place possible intermodulation products in the re- peater band rather than in the 144.0 to 144.5 or 145.5 to 146 MHz seg^ ments.

As far as "band pians'' go, this is the first to be adopted by any coord i nation group. It's a good one tech- nological I y speaking, and tries to serve the needs of the non FMer. To date, it's the only one that has met with any degree of acceptance from the non-FM amateur community.

While NARC went out of Its way to give protection to non FM interests, not everyoriie has. For instancej a plan similar to the NARC plan calls for the same 20 repeaters, the same 200 kHz in/out separation, and the same 20 kHz spacing between systems — but it also specifically channelizes 144^9 to 145.1 again on a 20- kHz- bet ween- channels basis for FM point- to point communication aniy. This is a selfish attitude, and one that any sane co* ordinal or must avoid liWe the plague. Adoption of channelized FM opera- tion in the 144.9 to 145J spectrum

would iead to wars.

There has b^i^n but one good 30

kHz plan to date. It calls for 30 kHz between systems, 600 kHz between Input and output. Inverted 15 kHz channels for additional repeaters, and a non-FM simplex band between in- puts and outputs. The major problem with this Is twofold. First, white yielding a total of 26 possible addi- tional repeater pairs, past experience has proven that 15 kHz splits, even when inverted, are marginal at best. The 15 kHz split was bori> out of necessity in the 146 to 148 MHz spectrum, when we ran out of 30 kHz

pairs. The east coast went right-side^ up, placing the selectivity burden on the user's receiver, while out west we went inverted, feeling that it was easier for repeaters to solve these problems than for thousands of users. Time has proven us right, and even the ARRL now endorses the inverted plan. However, since we have a chanoe to do it right this time, why rwi do it right? 30 kHz with IS kHz splits gives quantity, but wouldn't we do better with 20 quality systems?

THE LINEAR TRANSLATOR ISSUE

Do we really need more 2m FM repeaters? Here In Southern Cali- fornia, and in some Texas circles as well, consideration Is being given to the implementation of coordinated 100 kHz linear translators compatible with any and ail modes of operation that any amateur might want to U»S. Unlike with channelized repeater operation, translators permit an ama- teur to "roam free/' VFO-cont rolled, to locate the person or persons he mtay choose to QSO with.

In essence, a translator Is a wide band repeater that has the ability to *'repeat" irKiividual signals it hears in one given segment of spectrum, on an individual basis, to a specific point within another given segment of spec- trum. A good example of this is the OSCAR satellites. These spacecraft contain translators which listen on 430 MHz Of two nwters and "repeal" rndmduaf signais heard back to Earth on either two meters or 10 meters, depending upon tfie mode in which the OSCAR is functioned.

Translators In the amateur service have previously been crossband, like OSCAR. Are in-band translators pos- sible for a 600 kHz separation be- tween input and output? Exports dis- agree, it would be a challenge worthy of amateur radio pioneers*

220: TWO METERS, YOU'RE NOT ALONEI

While this der^ulation will not affect 220 in many peaces for a while* here in Southern Caiifornta we are already into multiple coordinations in that band. For some time* the SCBA has been under pressure to start the coordination of repeaters below 222.30 MHz. There has ^so been an opposing pr^sure from non-mpaater groups such as the Los Angeles 220 Association. So where do we put all the link and control channels wanted on 220? Them is no room on 450 for them, and there is already a lot of money tied up in equipment- Southern California already has over 300 repeaters operattonal on 146 and 220. Just how many more systems are needed, anyhow? Every week^ the SCR A gets at least a half dozen requests for repeater frequencies on 146 or 220. Most of these requeits are for wide coverage systems rather than the local type (which are really what are needed). Where do you put them? What do you say to them? When will it end?

On 220, simplex is alive and weM in the form of the 220 Rag and Tech Net. These chaps are determined to

perpetrate the current SCR A band plan. They make no bones about it; they will not accept further relay operations, other than remote base stations which are compatible with simplest. At prseni, they are about equal In number to the repeater en- thusiasts, and just as technologicaHy <»mpetent. The SCR A and 220 sim- plexers have been getting along well with each other so far. This may be an area in which the translator concept might work. This problem is already in the hands of Tom Rutherford's SCR A 220 Technical Committee and the delegates of the 220 simplex group.

WHEREAS 450 IN ALL THIS? With the emphasis on two meters and 220, the simultaneous deregula- tion of 420 to 450 MHz has been lost in all this. What about 450? What will happen there? The Southern Cali- fornia Repeater and Remote Base Association, which coordinates the 420 to 460 MHz spectrum, has issued no comment to date. The unofficial Input indicates that linle will change, UHF relay enthusiasts seem quite elated at the deregulation aspects of portable and mobile operation of auxiliary link stations, as this is impor- tant to successful remote base system operation. Otherwise^ local UKF people involved in relay communica- tion tiave been very silent on the entire issje.

GOODBYE WR

I can still remember the verbal abuse aimed at the FCC in the early '70s when we found out that we had to get a special WR call for our repeaters. We hated them at first . . . but . . . lo and behold , . . rwDw that the time has come to place them to rest , , . what's this? . . , abuse again'

THE FINAL WRAPUP

Obviousiy, this has been written In great haste. It's been based upon personal contacts with amateurs around the nation as well as here in California. If it seems to cfwell on what California faces and how it's meeting the new challenge that is inherent to this deregulation. It's only because California really typifies what is probably happening nationwide. Since I am part of it, it is easier to be accurate in writing about it. I am sure that in these pageSi now and In coming months, you will be reading much about the feelings of others on all that has transpired.

If i seem down on repeater ex- pansion, it's only because I really wonder just how many repeaters any one area needs to serve its amateur population.

Perhaps it's time that we amateurs take another step forward and do something truly constructive, some- thing that amateurs generations from now will look back upon with pride. Whether It be translators or some other exotic device not dreamed of yet. the FCC has given the amateur of 1977 a chance to be again looked upon as ths technological commit nicstron leader. It's in our hands.

Vtat l$Ha

It's that time of year again . . . plan your holiday gift giving and hope that the gift you select is the right size and shape and color for the receiver as well as the right price for your pocket- book . - - You're reading 73 now . . . You know what a big, thick informative magazine it is . , , And there wiU be no siae, shape or color problem . . . The price is right too! Twelve issues for only $15, And well reduce the pric« of the

em A Gift

That Kaps Gcvinq AtP

Gilt SubAmptim

second and third gift one year subscrip- tions too < . . Only $14 per year for the second gift subscription and only $12 per year for the third gift sub. Think about it, aH those articles, projects and Wayne's provocative editorials to boot. And all those ads with bargains, bar- gainSf bargains!

ertainly one {or more) of your friends is interested in hamming

and would appreciate your thought- fulness in arranging for a copy of 73 to be delivered to his mailbox every month for a whole year. Not sure if your firend is a subscriber or not? We'll check for you ... Be sure to include the call letters if at all possible. For notification of your gift to reach its destination before Christmas* please mail your subscription orders to us no later than December 5th.

ANY HAM who's hinting can give this ad to a friend as a "friendly reminder" of what he really wants for a gift.

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FCC

DOCKET 21033

1. Repeater, auxiliary (ink and con- trol itations eliminated^

^ Immediate freeze on filing re- peater, ayKJIiary link and comrol station license applied ions. ^ Applications for ndw repeaters on fi!e dismissed^

2. Portable and mabjle operation of auxiUary links approved.

3. No more "WR" catlsigns for sta- tions in repeater operatiofih

4. Stations operating as repeaters hiipe to idafitify with the word "re- p«tter" on phon« or the lattan "RPT'* on CW, in addition to the station callsign.

5. Stations operating m auxiliary links have to identify wtth the word "auxiliarv" on phone or the letters "AUK" on CW, rn addition to the station calisign.

& JD interval Inereafid fmnr B to 10 minutes.

7i Transmissions from open-access automatical ly^controlled repeaters need no longer be monitored or re~ corded.

8. 144.5-T45.5 fAHt and air fre- quencies above 220 f^Hi made avail- abtt for repeats n (except 435-43S

9. Technicians given prrvtieges on 144,5-145,0 MHz.

10. No action on priority in fre- quency use, erp,

PAIfF §7— ^MATTUft RADIO SEftVTCC

SimpHtypng the Ucsnilnc «ncJ Operation of Complejc System* of SUtioin and Modi- fying Repeate^r Sitfadiiida Ifl ^^ Amflteur RidEO Service

AGENCY: Ftderft] Cwnmanlcatlocia

ACTION: HneJ riiks.

SPMMARY: The FCC Is TevieiiiH Ita ojnateur radio rult-a to elinirlnfite' sep&- rate licenses for repenter. eiiKllliiry llnJc. An4 coatrot stations, We &re abo aUo- Cfttlng Ei^jditional frci^uciicles for oma- t«iLr npeater opcratton. imd we ftjre mAitins miEior icvlsttHis oT the nilei con* cemlAf lo^,gmg and IdentiftcnUaa foi- ■tttiofi*? in. x^pemi^r opermtJoD mud n- taoU^ ctmlztiUed sUtkm«. Adoptkm of ttMM ruin vfn ftSionS uewteur ^ceomm gnaMMS IksdbUll^ tn thtii operatlocBL

aUPFJ-EMENTAHY INFORMATION:

In tl» m»t%er of DtnvuiAttoc of P&rt 0T of th« Osftintaslal'a Buln Vo MmpUfy Hm UG«natiiy and (^Mimtion of complCE ■jrftems sjul ttatkna Aiid moditj i-e- pcftter ffublififidB to th« Amftteur E^dio 6ftrvic« (Docl££l 21033. HM-aSH. EM^ 2780), Report and Order (Proceeding Tenninat«lJ,

Adopted; Septflmber 2L 1977, Released: September ai. 1077.

W»ilT I^ ThC BikCKGAOVHa OF

This FTiocEEDmo?

1. In a Notice of Inquiry and Kotlce of Proposed Rule Making in Doclcct 21033 released Januarj' fi, 1911, 41 PR 2009 ili77^ ths CommlaaiQii Kcted putlaDr In rmpcmse to rule makinK neUUons RM- aSH and RM-27B0. i^ttbiiitttiKl by Hssis. Oordon Schleslncer fiod WiUlam F Kd- •9 aad llie MlddM Atlinuc FM and

tr, ft»d m^uskBs on it« own mouodi. Ttw Ciiiiunta&toa proposed s^utHtAntiAl t«- vUkUQA to F&rt B7 ol lie Rules, 41 C^JL tT.l, et^ mm^ conecnitEis Uie Hfwtfc*tf*p

uid open^iioa of mieAter. »y:KJll&r^ Jjnk^ ftsd co^trt^ stAtSoos tn Iht Anwt«tir ha- dlo Service, Dtber propoiak concerned Uie licensing and c^persttrai of remotely ooRLroUed BtaAAona in the Amateur Serv- ice. Comments on our proposal* were due no later than Aprtl 1, 1&7?, fleply com- menta w&re due no later than April 15.

IfTT. Hie deodliBe for tlie miEindi^cin of teply (SEDmAitfl vu isuteBeqiwnyr ex- teodsd t& Uic Chief or the CommiMSmi'ft Safetr and Special Radio 5ervir«i Btj- t*au to April 29, 1&7T, We are now pre- pm-cd to tAke action on ouf proposiiB iji thlfl proceeding.

What Wehi Thi Comi^is&ion's

Specific P31OF09AL9?

2. In our Notice olliiqulry and Notice of Proposed Rule Making In thj» proceed- Inar^ wo made a number of propo9ftU con- cernlriir the licensing tmd operation of compkx flyatemg of stations In the Ama- beuT Service, which, if adopted In their entlretT. would have had a wlgnlflcapt impACt on amateur Uc«n«kir BrleU^ iFummarlxed, owe propcsal^ In Do>eket 31033 yi?vt» aji follows:

m. We proposed to eliminate «#p*t^t^ Il^xnm for rtpeoter. aiutm*ry link, and control stations. OpemilooA now eim* ducted hj ittdi statknis «oiUd be per- muted aU rennslnkif amabeitc ttMUoat ^thout prior Commtoaton ftpiniova] %m- ds nffK formA of station pperaUon to be koovn at "repeater DpenUOQ" and "iiu^ muf opemtiim''.

k We protJOeed no tonier to require that an applicant irishlng to operate a r»diiO fttnotelj- controlled station obiam prfor Coaaiii&skm autJiorl^atlon.

c. We propoa«d to permit portable and mobile operation by atatlona In ausdlUr^- operation. tAuitlUary link st&ilona nre preflently restricted to operation from a fixed location J

d. We proposed to dlBContlnue tho la- Buance. In most Instances, of Cfcll algns with "^WR" preflxefl to atatlont to re- peater oper^Utm,

f . We proposed to require ^at station.'! in repcAter and euxlllar? operation traiiamlt dlslincilTe «taUoii identiHea- lloni.

f . We proposed to increa« ihe mini* mtim tntenra] at which otaUcms In re- peater dpetmtlim must Identify from fire to ten iflirnrtgf.

t, Wt propcBed to dekte the current nc|tttnsieiil tiut b^rwuifawtiona from vCa- tjtons m repeater operation under auto- matic control either be recorded or mom- tored tn real Ume fcj a dutj control op- era tor.

h. We propos^ed to require that the lo£S of aU remote!;: contFoQed stations con- tain a list of all aothorl3s«d control op- eratort.

I. We prapoft&a to require thnt a phmo- copj^ of the remotely controlled etatlon license and a Itst of authorized control operators be posted consplcuouA^y at the r^moteljf controlled transmitter jilte and

the utabloti location of each control op- erator and be carried by c^H contrai op* em tor operating a remotelj^ controlled atation from a portable or ffMSbile control point.

j. We propo«ed to require that the an- tenna or mABt associated with a reilK3<te- tr coairolle^l tzsiiBiiitiB bear a durable tac. marked with the remotely cootroOed staChRl eill vtin. and the namrE of the gm^kto. Uemmm and all autboriaed oon- trd opetatofe-

^ We proposed to make alt aothoHaed amateur frequencies, except 435 to 438 MHz, available for repeater and auxilLary operation^

L We proposed a new rule itatlnK that a station, occupying a frequency ha^ prl- orlts^ In its. Ufie over other stations, aiid thol D.11 f reqiiraieiK In the Ajnateur Serv^ ice mtijit be shared,

m, FLiii^lly, we requested comments concerning present and future anti^l- patod Interference patternji. the ndc- fiuacjr of current techniques for keeping interference to a minimum^ and tJii^! ade- OuacjT of pre^tent voluntary sperlrum manaRemenI fiystem^. We also ajiked for comments conceminE the utility of the Uraltatloiu OG the effective radtateii power (ISRPi of stations in repeater op- erattoa contained in Section f T^iT of the Rula.

WiiT Dm Wa Maxx TtiE$e PiwvoAUia? t. Our purpose tn i£suinc the Notice of Proposed Rule Making in XhH proceed* tov waa 10 continue the relasnition of amateur regulaltons goverainc the U* cefuUns and operation ol contt^ex aj^ tema of statiom. We ataled in our Notice that since adoption in 1973 of reyulatlona govern In R the licencing and operaUon of rei>eater and a&fia€:lat^d Etatlotm, ^Report and Order. Docket Id-BOS. 37 FCC 2d 225 USTS) ) . we have become Increaainiil? convinced that amateur hcenseea could

develop and operate complex syatema ol itationB with a miTiimiim of Commlsctoa regulatloii. Accorlnily, In 1974 we began reducinff the unnecesssiT btutletu Im- posed on Itcetisees of repeater and a4»o- dated atatlooa^ In a setim of mlemaklnR [iFOceedlace, we deleted the requirementa that certain technical data be aubmiited with appUcatlons for repeater and re- motely controlled ata lions and relaxed the rules to permit the Unkings automatic control, ami crotiband cpearaUon of re- peater itatkma. This proceeding ks. In part, an attempt to provide amateur operator* even greater flexibHitF in their opera tiona and to create a more favor- able regulatory atmosphere for ilic Ama- teur Radio Serv^lcep

Who C0M»af7T£a oh Oust Pt^oFOfiALs?

4. We received 88 timely commentd in reapojise to our Notice of Propoaed Rule Making. Of thesCj 34 were aubmlttcd by clubJs or other oraanisatlon^. We received two timely reply commexiti. T^fenty-four comment* and one reply comment were received too late to be considered In ityit proceeding,' A IL-it of those ffubmtttln* timely commentA in response to our No- tice !■ contained In Appendix I.

WMAf Dia^ TtiOSl COMMEKttSS Q^ OtV

Fkikmau Bat?

5. Hie Elumber (rf' comment! we re- ceived makea it impoaaiiiiie to titicuse each cfHnment individually. Sach comment has been read and caref ullj evaluated by yw Dommitalon'ft itafT. however, Mo«t vt the commentc received supponedi aome aspecu of ottr proposals but oppoitd oliiers. In general, exposition waa sreat^ est to the major propoeala. The leaa BignlAcant proposals were generally fa- YOred. In capnule form^ the commentii on our proposials were along the&e linesr—

a. Most faspondenta argued tliat iep- arate llcenBeA for repeater statiom fihould be retained. To eliminate .lepfirate repeater atation licenses would. It was alleged, encourage "pirate'* or "fly^by- night"'' repeater nUfctons, end, in the words of T-MARC permit ""^an^* amateur ta cai a moment's iiotice, decide [sic t to operate a* a repeater," Commente. The MM- Atlantic FM and Repeater Council at L Others stated that o]ieration of a i^ieats' itattOD to a iOtoiB and often ejcpCTslve matter, and tbat effective speeinim managemeut plaiminr and co* ofdinallon reijuire that an amateur be traced OQ notice, by means of a separate repeater atatlon ti£en£e application, that "somethlnf more than H^ grant of a fiimple appiiCatlofi Is req^iired." Com- ments. American Radio Relay Leajue, Iiiicorporated <ARRL) at 15/ On the other hand, our proposal to delete sep- arate Uccnsef for QLUxUlary link and con* tfol stations and create anotlier form of amatem- operation known as "auxiliary operation" met with general approval. Pew comments «peclflcally addressed the prtt posed delptlon of the requirement that authortr>atlon from tile Commission be obtained before remote control opera- tion 15 und ertaken, but of tho^e thu t did. moat approved-

b. Our propwal to permit ausUlary operation from control points in portable and mobile operation was nearly unani- n!tou«I^ accepted. Operators of remotely controlled base ttatiot^ were particu- larly enthmiiaitJc. bemuse adoption of this pTopoaal vonld permit them to op- sate ti^eir remotely controlled staUone from portable and mobUe iDcatlcms, a p^ajctice not currently allowed,

c. Host of our respondents wybed to retabn dlsUncttve call signs for eteUone 'm repeater operation and xcqueated thnt the practlea o< lasumg call signs prefixed by the letters **WR'" to $uch station^ be eontmued, wheUier or not such stations are actually Uoensed as repeater atatlone. Tlie AHRL. among others, argued that a difitincUve call slfiit for a station In re- peater operation is necessary to let ihoee monitoring know a station In repeater operation l» on the frequency^ Because most commentd favored diiftincine call signs for a rations In repeater operation, they oppo-^cd any other form of special Identification for st^ tlons In repeater op* eratloo, aithou^ there waa iiotiM sup- port for requlrlnff a auiticp tn auxUlary operaLion to trmnsmlt a distinctive bden-* ^fiealtot. Otir proposal to incr^M from fire to tma. minute the tTMi^^^rmtim iattt- operatloci to iransmit a difftincttre Iden*

«jccrptJag QMonun'ta in rut« nukHiy pnoewg* tbga mHm tto» etimracait due dmte wm r<c*ntijr be]d Ui bft |L Tlolmtlon at SectlDn 1.418 ot the nxLltm. Home So£ 0#ce, Inc. v Federal

CommunicattCfu CommlsiiGn, -Fid "

(DC Clr- IFtt).

*Thft AKEL'i Comments Iti tlile prPCWHtf* Ing wet* ffllte lat* t^ut. wtPt {L(?eoanphri,te>d bj K Motlan tiO Accept Lit# fiitu Comnii'nTA. we UTi? nr Anting i.tifl areL's MQiion.

tion mu0t tdentlfjr «as widely sujiporteil in the comments..

d. Tlie vKt majority of our r^pond- eni$ urged the Commission to adopt ttw proposal to delete the requirement tJDttt transmfesj-ons from open access automat-* imnj eoQtrolled etatliini la repeater op- eration either be reconfed or monltcatd m real time. Many of the oHnm^oits went furtlier, hevever. and offered a suHestton mt«kl« the scope of this pro- ^edfog^ nasnely, that stations tn repeal er operation be ^wmpted froan the tbtti! party traffic loggtnff requirem^tE of See* tlOfi 97.103 (bMa> of the Rules. Not bo modify third party trafSo logging re* QUlrements for open aceesa euiomatl* caUy controlled gtailons in repeater op- eration would f in the words of the ARh!u "render the Commission's proposed re- laxation ' * * a nullity In terms of prac- tical appllcatlot) • • *," Reply Com^ ments, ARRX> at 0,

e. Our proposals to modify sltehtlj? the loggmg requlremenCa for remotely con^ trolled stations, to rttiiiire the p^ieUng of certahi InformatkH al the nanotely con^ tmUed traosmltter ttte, and to recuire that a dttrabk tag beadng certain data be attactied to the remotely controlled transmitter antenna were relattvely un- contznprersyd. Opposition «m espneiaiS to the durable lag propoiil howevtt* The Northern Amateur Relay COimcIl (HARC) of Caltfornla, for example, stated that such tag^i are easily stolen er lost and that a requirement of thit eort vould be an unDilr tMirden on Bt^naeei operating stations at tnily "remote" locatlonf.

f. Oitr propoeal to maite all amateur frequencies available for repeater and auxlhars^ operatJofi was the subject of intense criticism by nearly all respond- ents. Although a few groups, such aa NABC, welcomed the opportunity to ex- periment with the possibilities such a relaxation would have offered, the vaat majority of the oommentd opposed such a mdicai clianfe. Virtually all thoee comnsenttng oppoMd any expansiiiR} of tbe repeater ^ubbandt below 36 MRz. They stated tha£ there is no demon- strated need flof repeater opcratimi in the btglt fitiiiieney range, an^t that such a^ expansloii wtmtd ezvaie many more pfOtOem* than the Increased iJexifailitj In repeater operation wouJd Justify, ^mUaity. tbe malority ol tb,oae submit- ttn« comments eppoaied maJdng aU very hljgh fneqiiency (VHF) and ulira hifh frequency tUHP) bands availabk for re- peater operatioin- Ccfteern wb£ efpe^ i^IJy acute over opening ail frequencies fn the two meter band U44-Ha MBz, to re- peater operation. Respondents such as the Radio Amateur SatcUtte Corporation *AMaATJ stated that certain umjittio aciivity in the two tneter band must be provided protection from repeater op- eration. This activity, which typically in- volves the reception of weak signals. Is said to he mcooipatlblc withi channelized repeater opera ttoE. Many other respond- ents. £uch as T^MARC. agreed that weak signal work must be protected but argued thai there Is a deftntte need for addi- tional two meter lr«mencies for repeat* er opcratloti. The ARRL said thai It may well be desirable to lnoea«e tbe allo- cation for repeater operatian in the amatoir two meter bam] bot wt^gcd that atiy sadh expanshn be tlse subject of a separate rule making pinceedmg.

g^ Otor ptnpoeed new title coneemlnt prtunty m usage of a fre<iue»e^r wae oi^enrbdminetr oppoeed. Moet rei^Kmd- ents said the pfmvscd rule wa£ Inher- ently \ if nece$aartiy) raitue and tbst ibs adopUon would create more pro^iems than it woisld solt«. Itic general belief appeared to b^' that existing rule^ and practices are working rsuionably velL and that, nbntnt a compelling indlc^lon to tbe contmry, the Commission should take no action hi this area at tbe pre^nt time.

h. In resporv^ to our inquiries con- cerning tbe adequacy of the current sys- tem of voluntary spectrum management and tbe r»ecei«lt!Nror the llmltaticms on tiie effective radlfited powef of stAtloiU' m repeater operation coDtamed 1(3 Sec- tion Si?,G7 of the Eulea, we reeelved many tnfonmitlve mnA hetpfol rcs^ponns, Tliese comments mdoosted, icttieraliy. A wtdeqitead <llflsaliifaction with the ERF Hmftattofw on repeater operation, as weil a* a beHef thai me Amateur Serf- ice's vduntaiy $pettnim managemsit STston tanettont witft conslileraMe ef- fectivciiess tn moat Instances

WoAT BxiLMS Aa V We AM>Pli)ie «™ Www ?

6. After a cBFcfuT analysis of our pro* posals and the commmts submitted In response to our iiroposals, we have de* elded that the public interst wiU be beat served by the f ollowinB action—

a. We ore ellmlnatmg separate re-

peatjer. BU)ttlUit7 Itnk, and control sta- tion tieenoes; aj propoftcd. Operations now ccmdnjcted by »uch $isi%l<ms will be authomrd other stations without prior Cotmnisi&lon Approiml utider new forms of amatpur i^p«rai;jon to be kno«^ a^ **rep«ater operaUon" asd '^auxiliary op- eration.** We b«i|f ve the contention that ^HiELiiiatJcin of separate repeater ftation licexxBO «U| etu^unt^ 'flj^^bi'-iil&hr re- peater CKPcratl^n Ja f rtvoJoi^, Ai the Iowa R«peater Ootmcll noted in Its Coniinentf. "[rlep«it«rs are expensive, Ther tate a lot, of haitl Tork * • *.**CiKmnHit5. lowa Rvpaa^^ex- CotmcU al ff. We dotibt verr mtJth whetber anjiine wSlllnf to expend the dmc and effort eiecessarF ^ p4ac« a station m pepeatw operatton Trill j3o so on the aptzr of the mcmietJt, We strnpitr do not twJlere Uiat the uirldenc* of so- called *'effD«tiip" repeaters will be any greater tmder the nc« rules tfaaii it fa pre^nttr. Tikt aaicrtfon made 1)7 T- MARC ^and oUimr> that eUmtnatlm of separate U^etiMa for a ta lions In repeater o|)«ratlon will permit a llcduee to decide "on a mament'A notice" to engage tn re* peater operation Ib no more tefiable now than It was before the adoption of rules for repeater stations in Docket U8D3 in 1913. iMoreovef, aa KAMC observed In Its commerLts, Absence of a repeater sta- tion license doca not nec&tiaarUy inhibit repeater operation under Uie exMlng rules. A Uceiiae« wiahlns to put a re- peater station In operation need only find the licensee of an existing riepeater fitaUoD uUlinc to Aha re the reaponsibrU- Ity of rflptater opemtion from a parfcaWe iQcatlan. Ttie fLtat Ueensee then op- erates a portable riFpcater elation under tiie auihontr of the e^atms repeeiier station IJj^en^J

Fujtbex. proe««Alnff and luulnff re- peater, auxiliary link, and control sta- tiim liceiLKs iA much more oopipisx than pgpcffaoing and iaaoing timpie pnm&ry atAttcn Ueeoiee. Differetit dai^ t?a5e:& unit be maintained, and FCC sta^ must tan detailed to pdions these opeciflc flmeycma. Itt sujn, althoiacb repeater sta- tioina are ntattvelr lev. In comparlsoD vstb the popQlfttkm ol the Amateur Ra- dio Serrice as b vbolei, tbelr Impact on the processtrK of other atnateur licences ii faf oui of propO'iiion to their number. Ehminatifta of Mparite repeater, mixO- larr link and control itationi wiU enable lis to provide tht public with btti^r serv- ice In other,^ more important areas, such aa the processing of Norlce Cla^s and other claj^es of operatoir license appli- cslloiia^

Accordinel;. beginning with the effec- tive date of tixis Eeport and Order, no more llcenseA for repeater, auxiliary Unlc, or eontrol itauotis will be issued. Exist- izig repeater, i&uxliljirv link, and control ^LBttorks may C3;}nl;dtiue to be operated untit expiration ol llieir Atatlon licensea. £uc^ liceruea will not i>e renewed. Fur^ ther. in order to cnntLnue the efAcient processing of other amiLl.eur radio Uoense appHcailoiis, effective wiUi the adoption of this Report and Qrder by tlie Com-^ mission w^ are Imposing a "freeze" on the filing of applk^utlons for new, modi- fied or renewed repeater. au?Eiliftry Utik, «Lnd ei^ntfol statlori hcen^ applies tions. The freeze will eontinue until the date the regulatlona adopted in the Report and Order become effective.

We Qnd that the piiblk interest wm be best served tf the appilcBtions for new r^ieater station Uo«ues presenily on file are diMplawd^ and we hereby do so. Pendina applkAUOitt for renewed le- peater station llcensisi or modMed le- peatcr ataiion hcenaei will be processed, bovnrei .

li. Wc are auiMor^ag aiLjitmry jopera- Uon /roBi eomirtd po^nff fm porf ohte and mabUB Ofim^tHom, Thlt amendment, vhleh was imoppoaed by the commsits, will afford operators of remotely con- ttoiUed atatiofif much greater flexibiUt? In their opefntionj, U will permit oper- ators of remotely controlled station^ to operate their atationa aa they would to- tally controlled fttatlonfi. without many of the previous raetrJcUon^ pl^ed on them.*

c. We arc dUc^fHUnuinu owr j^rm^Uce of if ruing cctM aiiQi\& prefixtd bjf the let^ ten ^^Wff* to stations in refitatir oper- atioTt. We do not believe 'WB' -prefixed call signs are a ncocoaary aspeot of re- pea t^er operation in the AniateLu: Service; anf more now than they were before the regulaiiotiii adopted in Docket 1BS02, We are awniT, howcv{*r, of ihe desire of nuioy of thc«esubi3iltling conajraetit&hi thISpro-

* We dci not brUrv« i«pLri*t« reguliiisciits Jor so-endciii "f«niat4 b»iV' miMXloia axe 110K4- «uy or i)e»!r^]9 ml ibU time. Am long lu ^le ftutlUiitir niDctkuu 4r fqcEi vtfrUOh^

cmtipif With Hm Hfulatiot^ fvf »uxmu7

CfW^t^QEU Tvmabt buH ins,f b« cspcnted tn

ceedJng, such as the ARRL, for rulea ensurlnff that those m-onitoring a fre- quency Itnow there i$ a $^taLloa in re- peater operation using that IreQuency. For this reiLwn. we are adopting regula- tlom as proposed reQuirlng distinctive Identification foe- statkms in repeater and auxiliary opcraUon. Stations In re- peater opermtJoav!lIlberequlF«l to trans- nUt the letter* "HPT" Aits- the station ^kll ajgu U idenllfylng by telegraphjr^ or tbe word "repeater" Lf Ldeiitifvmg by te- Iqituny. 8tauo£L& m. auxiliary operation wm lie teciuired to transmit the letters ''AUX" After the stetion call sign 11 iden- t|f ytng by telegraphy, or the word "auxll- lary tf identifying b^^ telephoaiy. finally, there was no opposition to oor propceal to Inceaae from flye to ten mtnutea the miniiFiiim tnt^r*^ at which statlocts to refKBier operation must Identify, and ve are adopting It as proposed.

d. If e are eti-mtnatimifi at profioied the Ttfiufremeni fAof trtinsfrtiasion$ /fom oppti accrsii autmnaticufiy controtJed fla* lion J in rrptater opertttkm be either mtmitiyred tn real ttme or rwcorded. There wu no oppothion tn the comments to our proposed relaxation. Our purpose in adopting this regulation originally w&a Simply to ensure that Ifceneeea possea adequate means to determine whether their automiitloally controlled stations were being opentted properly. Licensees of iiioh stations continue to be respon- llble for the propel operation of their station 5, but we behn'e w? should provide nnmteurs with sufTldent fle^ilblUty to en- able them to determine comphance with our regulations In other wnjs. In eddt'^ tjon. several rNpeodents a^ed thftt the refulatton be *3ctended to exempt ila- ttoni In repeater operation from third partjr eraffic loeglng requirement£ en- tirely- Of course, our proposal to delete the monttorlng/recordlng reqyiremcnt had nothtng wl^taoefer to do wnh third party traffic logging requtrettiCDta;, nor did ae intend it to hat-e. Although we do wish to reUeve our Ucen&ees of uniseoes- nrf htirdaB. auch as the mocLltorlng/fT' eordlng reQuirement, we do not believe at Ihia time that utationa Id repeater opera- iiosi should be exempt from third pari^ trafCtc logging lequtremenU. We reeog- piae thai ai a pracUcal matter many sta- tions Ip refMfttar operation will conjttnui to hjftve to reeord their transmtsiiena to ensure compliance with the thhd pftflf trafDc logging requirements. We also recognize Ihene reouirements may be a burden on centain stations in repeater opefatlon^ particularly those with tele- phone Interconnection C"autopateh"> capubllltletf. In our 1973 Report end C^- der In Doeket 1B8D3, however, ameteur licenfieee were warned about use of auto- pEitch eqyfptnent in violation of Section 97.114 of the rukik to facilitate the regti- lar buftiness ftflfairs of any party. Since 1S12, autopatoh abuse has become. If anything, more widespread. The Ama- teur Radio Service is not now, and has never been, a common carrier, and third party tjafRc of all types must, tmder normal clrcumaiances. coq^iltute a very small part of amateiu' activity. We again warn the Amnt^ur Service of unlawful use of telephone htterconnectjon facOl* lies and etreas that tmJes^^ voluntary oompllonce with our third party traffio rerulatfons tncreasea stgntScantly. we ma,y hate to take action to curb the tnmsinlasioin of ail third part^ traffic in the Amateur Radio Service, We are Ihraefora eliminating Uie monitoring/ rc- eordlng requirement cantained La Section 97JU<gH3> of the rides but are reLaln- hig all existing third party tauffic regDr U lions.

e. Wt are re^uirin^ that a photocopit of the remolefy cofsiroZfed staikm Icceiue be ported in tt ctmrpicuous p^ee at the remt^telu co«f roJfed tmnsmittsr nte and placed m f^^e fog 0/ the station tyf eath auUtahztd ctmtrol operator 0/ the re- mOh^ eaufroiled station. We will also require that the ntinie and telephcme number of the station licensee and at leo3t one control operator be poprted in a consplcuou.^ place at the remotely con- trolled transmitter location. We are aware that m&ny 1lcen:$ec3 consider re- quirements of thL^ sort to be nn justifiable buidetifi.^ but we believe it ^Essential that there be adecitmte procedures to enaure that the Commission Is able to contact the llcenfiee or control operators of a re- motely tontroUed station In the event of station malfunction, We agree with re- spondents, ftuch as NARC. that in our proposal to require attachment of a dur- able teg contftining certain information to the antenna or antenna f eedllne of a remotely controlled station xcould serve no useful purpose, and we deoUne to Adopt It. Our proposal to require the log of a reaoteb" controlled station to con* t«Lln a list of authorized control opera^tors was generally supported In the com-

ments, and we are adopting It a4 pro- posed.

f. We ore making an additiona! one megahertz of spectrum available far re* ptiiter operation m the amateur two me ^ ter hand. It i$ clear from the comments that amateurs engage in a wide variety of aetlvltieft azNl that repeater operation is but one of these aettyitles. It !i also clear that many amateurs beUeve their ■ctivitJeii mu»t be protected from pos&ihie encroachment by stations in repeater op- eration. For this rea^^n, ve «ill noi adopt oilr pfiipoial to make al amateur frequencies available for repeater ^nd auxniarr ofMnttQa. Hie pcrpmahre op- potJtke to otir pimjMWJd i^»xatlan con- rincea u* that the Amatenr Senrk* ia not ftilty prepar«I to aannne xesponaLbEllQr for complete miuia^enient of its own spec trum. We are therefore not allocayfif any addttionai frequcncka for repeater operatloti or auxiliary operation below 144 IbfHx Many comments, however, stated that there is a definite. Immediate need for additional frequeiicte^ for re- peater operation In the two meter bend and above. At the suggestton of T- MARC„ we are aHocarting an additional onemegai;ertzol spectrum, 144-5 to 14&.S MHsc, for repeater operation. We are Also increasing Technician Claims operator privile«(*B to Include 144.5-145.0 MITt^. to pem^lt Technician Class llcenseea to Lake advantage of tho new allocation for re^ peater operation, We believe this addi- tional allocation wUl meet the future need for frequencies in the two meter band for repeater operation, while pro- viding adequate protection for veak sig- nal and other aetiylty in that frequency range. We do not agive with the ARRI# that this alloc«tlon requires a new rule iDAklnf proceeding. In onr Notice of pro* po»d Rule Making in thja proceeding we propoaed to make the entire two me- ter baiMl andlable for repester operation. Oitr Ucenaeea were put on notice that we were actively considering additional fre- queticlei for repeater operation in the two meter band. Tlie clahn that nOgtsmUm notice has not been given that 144 J-14S J 1CH& Might be allocated liv repeater operatbxt cannot be atoiported. We «ie alio maHmr all ama4£ur fregTMniiw above 120 MH^ except 43S-43£ l£Hz, avftUAble for both repeater and auxiliary operation.^ There wms litUe. If any, og>- poeition to an increase in the fre^ueneiea avallabie for repeater operBtlon above the two meter band, aiid we believe that In making all amateur frequencies above 320 MHz flvallftble for repeater and aux- iliary operation we are providing ama- teur licensees with a great deal of flexi- bility while at the same time continuing to protect the "weak signal " two meter activity. We will continue to evaluate the spectrum requirements for repeater and auxiliary ope ration, however.

g, Wt* G.re taking no action at th f ,^ Hm^ on our proposed new rule concernintj pfi^ Dtitff in «.tcrg<? 0/ amateitr freijuencies. We may. liowcver, take action at some 13 me in the future if certain spectrum management probleme within the ama- teur community are' not settled by the amateui-s themselves. As detailed tn a recent Public Notice on this subject, we are inereaningly concerned aitout tnuli- cloiis interference to. and from, certain amateur serrlce 'monitoring nets'. If am- ateurs ouukot SDhre these conflicts and others arlstng from compeitni demands for i^Kctrum, thsi the Cdnunlsajbn tnust ctma^^KT addltltmal restilatiaiu to fdo) ve then matters. We are also not taking any action at this time 00 chanEring repeater E3P limlliL, Any action in mis a^^a wdl be done tn a separate mleimaking pro- ceedings

7> Accordingly, it ft of^d^ed. pursuant to authority contained in SecUons 4<lK 5 ' e) . nnd 109 of the Communleatietia Act of 1934, as amended. That Part &7 of tiie Contmlasion's Rule£ is amended aa »t forth b^low eflectlve Noirember 4. 1077. It i» fi^ther ordered. That alt pending applkatldns for new r^^eater station U- censea in the Amateur Radio Service are dLiml^T^ed. It U further ord^red. That tlie Motion to Accept Late Filed Comments submitted by the American Radio Relay League, Incorporated is granted, and that the Motion to Accept Late Piled Beply Comments submitted by the Em- pire Radio Ciub ts granted, tt Is fuTther ordered, That to the extent BM-2e64 and RM-^'JQO have not been urant^Kl herein, they are denied. Jt U further or-

. „£e/i us ifoti tact as

^#pm^243

dered. That this proceeding is termi- nated.

iBecB. 4. £. 303, 48 Stat., ft4 omendad, iQflfl^ 10C18> lOaa; 47 U.S.C. 1£4. 150. 303.)

Fl^SXRAL CoMUUKICATIOMrJ

CowMiessoif/

VUTCENT J. MtTLLmiH

SecTeiarjt,

Statehiekt or CoiooEsroMin M^KCtTA E, Wmr* coitctmaiKG nt Fa(it avio Dia- sAirrmo nr Putt

As a strong proponent of deregulation^ 1 feel It is important that I explahi why m thlf partleular initance I find it nee* eaeary to disagree with the Commis^^lon'i deetiion to no longer require separate licensing of repeoter statlona. It should b« noted, ho^^ev^^, ttiafc I do coocur in the temalnder of the Ooinraission*! pro* poaals to deregulate Fart 97 of the Com^ mkadOQ^i mis.

I vntf Impressed, after reading the comments in this proceeding personally, that almoet an the comments oppoied the cUmlnatloii of separste repeat^^ station UcenseB. The Commission bellerea that the contentions of various repMlcr org^-^ nittatioos including T-MARC, petiuoner In RM^^TSO, that elimination of aepa^te repeater station licenses wUl encourage more casual and hapho^zard operation are frivolous. I respectfully disagree. The elimination of separate repeater js tat I on licenses will piake the volunUiry coor- dination, frequency menagementi. and voluntary enforcement of repeater oper- ation much more difficult, thus inc^'eas- Ing the probability of Increafling Inter- ference— a probBbillty recognliQed by several repeater assocjatlorm aa well as by the American Badlo Eelay League (ABRL).

The Comml^on is adopting ihe pro- posed rules to decrease the adtninl£tra-» tlve burden associated with the proc- evlng and i^ulng of separate repeater slftttoo licensee, however, tht^ burdui which I do not view as substantial, Bin4^ presenUy there are only appn^dmately SiAOO authorized repeater stations and recently only about an average of two applications a day are received ^for re- peater atatfons, must be veigbed against the Ufctilh ood of incre^ed CommisKloai lawoivement tn Qifcffcranent problems. It la quite likely that the potential enforce- meat problBns wiH prote to be mote ratUj than the savings to be gained by eOlmlnatjon o{ the separate proeeaalng of wpeater station liceDaes. Moreover, J agree with the ARRL comment that by requiring a separate appUcaijon for a repeater station licease "'the applicant ii pliiced on notice that something more than the grant of a simple application t* required/' Comments, ARRU p 15. 1 also believe that repeater licensees hove a special responsibility to sei^e the public Interest and the requirement of a sepa- rate license places the licensee on notice find n^i3t3 in keeping the licensee ac- countable.

Therefore, for the above reasanft. I dlitsent.

^Our eeclilQU to Hmke the ffiitlr# 420-4flO MHr nmateur tAn4, except 43£^?a M^, avaUjii?l« for rep«atcr op&rAiibb moflt* the '"blaoKet'* WKtvfef gtmnuKl by tbft Cliijaf, fiatttj Knd Bpeei^ £Lidla Service* Bixtfau ta iNUUiit fiAt-ar&n KnutHeur televutton rep«it«r aptrmtlob In itut twnd. Tb^t umiYer li liate- 1^ ^arttiuiatcd.

'By the CammiBBiDn : CiialnnAn Wilc^ ison-^ eurrlng in the result:; CosnmlPiH'inriQr Quelle aiaien.tiiig: Commicslon ei WlilL# cunctunring In pu-i uid dissentdng tn p«rt uid tuulnf a

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■ D-6KHz peak reading linear scale, meets commercial standat da

■ Operates 25MHzi to 500MHz

■ Crystal controUtd tot easy operation

■ Audio/scope output with earphone

m Options: MicAD power PAK 534,95

Charger S29-95

WHie or call for complete information. Send check or money order for $145 plus $1.75 [or $hipping. Indiana resi- dents odd 4% rnles tax. CryitaU for 14S.94MH2: $4,BS. All other frtq^ $7.95.

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ECM

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Low distortion

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unregulated

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Adjustable frequency

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If you are bike the rest af us you've been reading about micro- computers . . . you're excited about them . . . but th^re i& so much to understand and It all seems so complicated that there Is no way to understand It,

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A new magazine i& being pub- llfhod for computer hobbyists . . . for people who are beginners . ., . neophytes . . . novicss . . . p^opte who have no idea wtiat a vectored interrupt H, but just the same want to learn about computers and havefuHHi

A home computer system can co^ you a bundle if you don't know what you are dqir>g. Kilo^ baud could save you a lot of money , ■ ^ others have learned the hard way, Kilobaud i^ a sort

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oi giant club newsletter for com- puter hobbyists, a piece to tell each other about the problems they've had — and the solutions. It'^ a magazine filled v^ith great articles , . , all written so you'll be able to understand them.

You want to know about hardware? Read about the new MtTS Z-80 CPU in Kilobaud, simply explained by the chap who designed the circuit. Or how about The best-seUing TOL Z-80 CPU . * . the designer has written about it in Kilobaud too. You're wondering about what cassette system to use? You can go crazy on tiiif one . , , but before flip- ping Outp read the Hal Walker article In Kilobaud and find out what the problems are ■ ■ ■ and the solutions.

MAKE IVlONiY

Perhaps you've been thinking of the computer hobby as a way to get into a smalt busmess. Why not? This is going to be an enor* mous field in e couple of yeari and you can bet that those on the ground floor wit I have the bevt chance at the gold ring. Kilobaud will help you team how to get into manufacturing , , , to bocome a dealer * , , a manufacturer's representativ9 * * , a service bureau _ . , a wrttei'. Newer before has there bean an opportunity like this. Grab hold and start getting your feet wet.

KILOBAUD IS BRAlNfD NEW

The first issue was January 197? . . . and the magazine is the fastest growing and best accepted magazine in the hobby computer field already. You doubt that? Jy&t stop in at any hobby com- puter store and ask anyone you see- Kilobaud is outselling all other magazines combined . , , which sevs something considering the cover price of S2. It^s full of good articles and has a sense of humor^ There are more articles in Kilobaud than you can read in a day ... most readers comment that Kilobaud just has to be read from cover to cover and this takes several days.

DO YOU WANT TO LEARN COMPUTERS?

Some magazines emphasize OEM systems . . . some are writ- ten more for computa^ scientists . . . Kilobaud Is written for and by its readers , , , the hobbyists. You'll find great articles in there by well known hobbyists such as Don Lsncaster , . . Don Alexander ^ . . Pete Stark « . . Dennis Brown , . . Hal Walker * . . Art Childs , , . Sheila Clark . , , and many more. The emphasis js fun*

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AMSAT

LOCAL AMATEUR RADfO

OPERATOR ELECTED ARRL

SECTION COMMUNICATIONS

MANAGER FOR LA COUNTY

Stan S. BrDkl of Sunland, known to his amateur radio colleagues as K6YYQ, has just added aoother laurd to hi$ crown. He was elected Section Communlcaiions Manager for Lo$ Angeles County for the American Radio Hetay League, the largest ama- teur radio enthusiasts' organization. The League acts as spokesman for a large segment of the nearly a third of a million FCC-licensed amateur radio operators in the United States.

Stan (5 a senior engineering assistant at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasader^. He has been an amateur operator for twenty two years. Among his earlier laurels were his presidency of the JPL Amateur Radio Club during 1976 and his handling of the transmission of the JPL Viking Lander pictures of the surface of Mars to the amateur radio world via slow scan TV. In many parts of the world, Itieae pictures were ttie only ones received from the surface of Mars. He 1$ atso the vice chairman of the Los Angeles Council of Amateur Radio Clubs.

The Amerrcan Radio Relay League^ in addition to its activity as spokes- man for the amateur radio communi- cations community, has a variety of activities in which amateurs partici- pate. For some of these, awards are granted, such as for working ail states, or working all coniir^nts. The ARRL is also involved in emergency com- munications when the need aris^. The activity is called Amateur Radio Emergency Service (ARES), which handles commLinications in emer- gene pes such as floods, earthquakes, or other catastrophic occurrences when normal communications media fail. Radio amateur operators are equipped to provide such communications with their battery-powered and mobile rad tos.

In an interview, Stan was asked what his job was as SGIVI. He told us, 'The SCM is the only elected official in the ARRL operming program. That ISp programs involving "on-the-air" ac- tivities. He fosters communicBtion networks, makes appotntments of qualified amateurs to various com- munications fynctionsi, and generally provides the leadership for the sec- tion/'

One of Stan's plans ts to expand the

ARES activfty to place It in iBadine^ for any emergency that should arise. He pointed out that ARES differs from the Radio Amateur Civil Emer- gency Service (RACES) in that the latter is operated locally by the LA County Sheriff's Disaster Communi- cations Service to maintain communh t^ations in the public service area where officialdom most be in com- munication with Its head quart ers and the emergency services* On the other hand, ARES provides what Stan called "people-to-people communtcatfons/*

DECEMBER

FLIGHT TEST

OF AMSAT/ JAMS AT

SATELLITE TRANSPONDER

The Radio Amateur Satellite Cor- poration (AMSAT) has obtained the cooperation of a number of amateur radio dubs up and down the state of California in flying the AMSAT- OSCAR D 2'meter*to-70-centimeter n46 to 345 MHz I amateur radio satellite transponder for a test to provtde amateurs throughout the state an opportunity to test their gear and to familiarize themselves with the techniques and procedures to be used in oparating the transpo rider during its orbital phase as AMSAT -OSCAR 8. nnods J, The flight will take place Oecember 3^ 1977. An aircmft con- taining the transponder will fly a course starting from Van Nuys Air- port near Los Angeles to San Diego, Santa Barbara, San Francisco, Stock- ton, Fresno, Bakersfield, and back to Van Nuys,

This will be the fourth flight test of an amateur radio com muni cat Kins satellite transponder since the AMSAT-OSCAR 6 2 meter-to^ ID- meter was flown on the east coast in May^ T971, by members of the AMSAT Washington group. In September, 1971, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Amateur Radio Club ran a flight test similar to the one to be run In December on the 2-to- 10- meter transponder. JPL ARC was also in- volved in a flight test of the 43115 MHz 10 145.95 MN/ "Umsctier" (built by AMSAT Deutschland} which became the mode 3 transponder of OSCAR 7. The fatter flight test was run in September, 1973,

A great many amateur operators participated in these earlier flight tests, learn ^r>g the ropes^ so to speak, about ope rat ir^ through an amateur satellite tranqionder under closely similar conditions to those which would occur in orbit.

Activity through the transponder is encouraged during the December 3rd flight, and a commemorative QSL will be sent to all amateurs who send in a report of Stations worked or heard* The aircraft call \n flight will be WA3N0S.

During the flight, a riata>n net will be maintained at aboyt 7230 kHz, using the call W6V 10.

The test flight is cosponsored by the amateur radio clubs of Jet Propul- sion Laboratory, Hughes, TRW, and Pro|ect OSCAR, as well as several other Celifornia amateur organiza- tions.

One major purpose of the flight is to assist radio amateurs in adjusting their equipment for operation on the new amateur satellite frequencies above 435 MHz, the onfy available frequencies in the 420-450 MHz band open to sateHlte use under the ITU regulations. A secondary purpose is to determine the mutual interference potential between AMSAT-OSCAR D and amateur TV enthusiasts operating above 435 MHz. Launch of the A D-D amateur radio communications sal el - lite is scheduled for February 17, 1978.

Reports should be sent to Skip Reymann W6PAJ. at Post Office Box 374, San Dimas, California 91773.

StaniBY S, BfQkt K6YYQ was recemfy efectmi SCM for the ARRL LA sectton. Hb is shown hefe examining an OSCAR dispfay at the JPL library. The turntabh shows the four interior p&nds of OSCAR 7*

Dick Ufrich K6KCY puts finishing touches on the W meter whip for the OSCAR 7 test flight in W73. Dick will participate in the flight test of the AMSA T/JA MSA T spscecrsft in December,

tell Ma Bpl] Lhat she i^hou

Rampage f7

GE and various doctors wourd not ^ve me anv suggestions, I was liK^ky enough to gel in touch with a man in ihB School of Aerospace iVledicine, who told me of their extensive experi- ments wfth electro magnetic radiation and pacemakers, including 15 models of the G€, which proved them panic- ularly susceptible. It is true that their experiments were not on a ham fre^ quencv, but their frequencv was neaf enough the 20 meter band to be significanL It was here ihm. \ goT suggestions for the gmuoded cage I built.

Possibly you may have occasion to pass along my experiences, or to improve upon them.

F. L.WiltroutW9VFG Elkhart IN

Tech meal Editor, QST 225 Main Street NewingionCT 06111

Dear Sir;

Some time ago, \ wrote you that I had a General Electric pacemaker in^ stalled, and that v^en I attempted to make a transmission the radiation cut rt out I asked if you kr^ew of any articles In ham publications or other^ wise which might help me g&t on the air. Your reply was negativa,

! have since read newspaper articles to the effect that CBers, using illegal amplifiers, were interfering not only with pacemakers, but also with hearing aids.

1 solved the problem in a somewhat awkward manner, and I would like to pass a^ong my experiences, thinking that they woutd be a basis for further refinement

To begin with, \ use a Drake TR'4 and a Heath kit SB230 linear, feeding an old Hy-Gain 20, 15, and 10 meter beam with coax. I have a switch arrangement to go from the beam to a Heath kit dummy load

Using an inexpensive field strength meter, with the aid of my son twho is also a hamh I found that the field strength varied according to which way the beam was headed — that everi on the ground forty feet from the beam, with the beam headed in my direction, the pacemaker acted up. I could tell when the rig was on trans* mit merely by feeling my pylse.

The next step was to take reading when the rig wss. on the dummy load. There was no reading whatsoever even when the meter was set on top of the rig. (tnciden tally, the swr is down to one to one.)

My son and I then constructed a son of cage, five feet high and three feet wide and deep, with both top and

bottom, of perforated aluminum sheet, covefed by a layer of copper wire. This was attached to a good outiicle ground. The microphone with switch was run into the cage, and I was back on the airl There was no field strength reading in the cage while transmitlirg. it Is a little awkward reaching out the door to tune in stations, but you can't have every* thing. The rig itself can be tuned up on the dummy load.

So far I have tried only 20 and 40 meters, the latter on an Inverted V, without the linear.

This is the old principle of the Faraday Cage, discovered in England many years ago, and hardly men- tioned in the Handbook.

It occurs to me that the transceiver itself coo Id be moved into the cage for greater operating convenience.

You can understand why I am reiuctant to do too much ex peri- men ting personally when it might stop my heart.

Perhaps a more simple solution could be found, tike putting some kind of shieid on the roof underneath the beam, or on the ceiling of the snac K .

Anyway, perhaps one of your bright yotjng mefi might be willing to take my experiments and build on them. They are welcome to use my observations and experience.

F. L. WiltroutW9VFG

21G West High Street

Elkhart IN 46514

SUPER PAT

Although in the past I've not been in ^itire agreement with most of your editorials, I will say this much — Tve written several letters praising your study guides (which you've never printed). Wall, here comes a super pat on your back with a request fol- lowing.

On August 29* 1977, my emplov- rrnent required that I Obtain a 2nd Class Radiotelegraph license. The first thotight in my head was, "Oh-oh. a supervised code exam at 20 and 16 wpm/* so I got out your 20-^ tape — the one with all the weird characters - and listened to it for 16 hour ewery day for 17 days. (Keep in mind that I've been inactive for 3 years now.) Come the 2&th in Detroit, the ex- ami rver put 20 wpm on arvd I really was shocked — tt sounded like about t5 wpml \ sw^r I coold have sharpened my pencil in between groups. No kiddlngl t even copied 3B wpm almost solid after listening to that tape — the same tape that, by the way, at first I spent 10 minutes of each half hour cursing. I now have a

2nd Class Radiotelephone, a 2nd Class Radiotelegraph, and an Advanced ham license, which I can say w^e duck soup to get after using your study guides and tapes. Now I will be going to Marquette to take the First Class Radiotelephone, the Extra Class, and the Radar Endorsement.

By the way, I'll be going for my 1st Class Radiotelegraph In a few months — do you have a 25+ wpm tape I can purchase?

Kenneth M. Cubilo. Jr. WB8D01

Rogers City Ml

Sure, $4,00, - Ed.

BE A LEGAL JAMMER

We would like to invite a couple of hams around the world for commur»i* cation backup, m\d they can take all their equipment We would give them 1/3 off the total cruise ooiL

Captain Mike Burke

Windjammer Cruises

PO Box 120

Miami Beach FL 33139

FEATHER

Just wanted to drop you a note and put another feather in your cap. Last June, 1 purchased your 21+ wpm tape. When \ received it, \ played rt for about five minutes. I then Ignored the tape until the first of September, l practiced your tape an average of 46 minutes a day for 3 weeks. On Sefitember 21, [ went to the FCC and took the exam. I aced the code test. 1

didn't have time to sleep in between characters, but I did copy com- fortably the 20 wpm. I could copy your tape about 9B% — let's face it, a code group like "kee ie*' is something else. If you can't copy the group, it does teach you not to be flustered by missing a character or small group of characters.

Once again, thar>ks — and be proyd of those feathers and cap. I will be forwarding my callsign change when I get my 2x2 call,

Kevin C. Pot^r WA6DlStW Arcadia CA

M.O.M.

With Christmas again rapidly approaching, we at Military Overseas Mail are conc^ned about the mar^y thousands of our miitary perronnel who will be away friom their homes and families during the holiday season. For many of these young men and women, this will be the first Christmas away from home^

Readers of 73 Magaime can help make this holiday season a little less lonely and a little more enjoyable for many of these young people by joining in the collection of Christmas mail sponsored by Military Oy^rseas Mail. This is an ideal project for school clatses, clubs^ and other groups as well as individuals and families. For more Information, please send an SASE to Military Overseas Mail, Box 4330, Arlington VA 22204, and men- tion that you read abooC M,0,M. tn 73 Magazine, Thank you*

Lee Spencer Arlington VA

Tracking

the Hamburg lar

HIJACKED: Heathkit 2 meter trans- cervef HW-2036, series no. 03719, Heathkit Micoder HD-1982. series no- 00622, from my company car on October 10, 1977, at about 16:35 CDT, 1713 Webster St„ Omaha, Nebraska. My ham call and social security no. 482-62-4198 are engraved in the chassis of the radio. A reward will be offered to the individual who returns the radio to me. Tom O. Mjkkelsen WAOPOD, 902 Avenue G., Council Bluffs, Iowa 51501, (712) 323-8036: (office) Motorola Com- munications, 11045 1 St., Omaha, Nebraska 68137, (402) 331 7709.

RIPPED OFF: Atlas 350XL with DDG-XL digital dial, s/n 877025, and ac power supply for the Atlas, s.'n

877104 OS. Taken on October 1, 1977. Jay A. Leonard WSTSM, Rt. 1 Box 32A, Pottsville AR 72858.

RIPPED OFF: Regency HR^2B trans ceiver, 2 meter, 12 channel. Serial no, 49^04353. 1 - 94-94, 2 - 34-94 3 - 52-52, 4 -^ 13-73, 5 - 19'79, 6 - 96-36, 7 - 16-76, 8 - 04-64, 9 - 25-85, 10 - police, 1 1 ^ 4&46, 12 - sheriff. Carl R. Willis K8DK0, 464 FoTEsl Street, Mansfield OH 44903. call collect |4T9) 524-2367.

TAKEN: Drake ML2, s/n 11546, Stoken from: Tom Fraser WA0QQT, Colorado Springs, Colorado. (303) 635-8911. ext, 3874. Frequencies in^alled: 34-94, 94-94, t&76, 07-67, 22 82, 2B-SS

Corrections

Please note a correction to my article, 'Track OSCAR With Your SR-52" (November, p. 58)- Lines 20-21, column 4, page 59* should

read: 'In register 13. Steps Ot 8 to 038 solueecfuation 1 and".

Art Burke W6UIX San Diego CA

Compare the Atlas 350-XL with other transceivers . . .

TYPE 1 ALL SOLID STATE	HYBRID (VACUUM TUBE P.A.) \|
MODEL	ATLAS 350 XL	TEN TEC	YAESU FT-301	DRAKE TR4-CW	HYGAIN 3750	KENWOOD TS-820	TEMPO 2020
INPUT POWER	350 WATTS	200	1 200	300 ,	200	200	180
BANDS	1Q-160M	10-80M , 160MQPT	10-1 BOM	10-80M	10-160M	10-1 BOM	10-80M

. . . and see why it's your best buy!

Above is a chart companng leading HF Transceivers that IbW m appioxiiTiately the sam& price range as the Atlas 350-XL. The Drake TR4-CW is least ex^ pensive, while the HY-Gain 3760 is the highest. Rated power input {SSBj and bands covered are listed in the chart but below is a discussioiT on a number of other interesting comparisDns whicli will help you choose the right transcetver for your station.

1, STATE-OF-THE ART. ALL SOLID STATE

The first 3 transceivers listed above are all solid state. The real designs of the futuref Having n^anti- facturtd and sold over 12,000 of our little 21 Ox/ Z15x's. we can attest to the high performance and relabiflty of alt sotid state design. Tubes for the driver and PA., with their tunmg circijits and high vohage power supplies are rapidly becoming obso- leEe. As a result theif resale vaiue witi be decini ng.

2.P0WER RATING.

The higher power rating on the 350-XL provides you with a comfortable edge over the others. Run- ning barefoot you can easily ride over the com- petition. If you're driving a linear you don't have to strain for every bit of drive hom the transceiver it can loaf along with ease. The 350 watt input rating IS realty very conservative. Typical input power runs upwards of 400 to 450 watts without flat-topping. Considerably more than the others.

3. BAND COVERAGE

Not only does the 35QXL cover the 10 through 160 meter hands (including all of 10 meters in four 50O kHi segments), but one of its exclusive features is that you can install up to 10 auxiliary 500 kHz ranges anywhere from 2 to 5 MHi, and from 6 to 23 MHz. This gives you great flejtibility for MARS operation and possible future amateur bands Crys- tais for Auxiliary Ranges are installed internatly, fn addition, the 350-XL provides reception of WWV at 5, 10. and ^5 MH2. without having to add any aux- iliary range crystals.

4. DIGITAL FREQUENCY READOUT

On the 350-XL, the optional Digital Dial can be in- stalked, and you still retain the conventional anafog cfiaL with the option of switching the digrtal dial off if you wish With the TenJec or YaesLi 301, you lose the analog dial if you purchase the digrtal dial modeL making you totally dependent on the digital iml

5. FULL BREAK IN CW

Only two rigs offer this feature,^ the Atlas 350-XL and the Ten-Tec ! The others are all 'semi^break- m". And the Atfas includes CW sidetone with pitch and volume adjustments.

6. NARROW BAND CW FILTER

This ts another standard feature in the Atlas, op- tional on the Ten-Tec . Yaesu, and Kenwood. Ours is an LR ftlter with 5Q0 fiz bandwidth, and shape factor of better than 3 to 1,

7. A.F. NOTCH FILTER

This 350-XL standard feature permits nulling out heterodynes and other interference. The Yaesu. Hy- Gain and Kenwood include a similar feature.

8.SPEECH COMPRESSION

The standard Atfas ALC system provides up to 20 dB of R.F. compression which increases your talk power and at the same time reduces "flat -topping" and splatter. An optional speech processor to pro- vide up to 2D dB additional A.F. compression will be

+ MADE IN AMERICA •^^••••••* + *•**••••* •*^

Jf We're very proud that every Atlas transceiver is rfiade right here in America^ (as are the TtiK jf ^ Tec and Orslte). We think thi American worker, and our empioyees in pariicufar. are the most J^^ ^ tafented. industrious people in the world. The quality and versatilfty of our transceivers we ^^ ^ proof of this. ^

And by using this American quality workmanship, advanced value engineering in design and ^ manufacture, and rigid quality control, the Atlas transceiver ts not only competitively priced ^ ^ with the imports, but is actually a better valuel ^

**•••••••••••*••••*•••••*••• *•*

^^^ Merry Chris imas and H off day Greetings from all the gang at At las I

available soon for instaHatJon in the A£ supply. The HyGain, Kenwood, and Yaesu also provide some form of speech processing.

9. AUXILIARY VFD

All of the rigs listed offer an optional second VFO for split fret^uency operation. But Atlas is the only one with an Auxiliary VFO that is not an addon box. The Atlas Auxiliary VFO plugs right into a space provided in the upper right hand corner of the front paneL Although miniature in size it tunes the same 500 kHz as the primary VFO. and does it smoothly with toarse and fine controls that have 10^ planetary drives. Green, yellow, and red LED's let you know which VFO you have set up for receiving and transmitting, Very neai. and all seff-contained.

An option to the Mode) 305 Auxif ary VFO js the Model 3t 1 crystal oscillator that provides up to 12 crystal controlled channels. It also plugs into the front panel just liice the 305. Wrnier controls pro- vide fine tuning of the crystal frequency.

10. MOBILE/PORTABLE OPERATION

The Atlas, Ten -Tec . and Yaesu, being solid state, are unique in that they will operate mobile or port- able directly from a 12-14 voh DC baUery Also, the solid state rigs are considerably smaller and lighter wemht than the hybrid rigs. The Atlas ts unique in having a very handy plug-in mobile braclcet for the 350*XL that makes it a simple matter to plug-in and go mobile,

11. OTHER 350*XL STANDARD

FEATURES include R.l.T. VOX, Crystal Calibra- tion, ANL. and Noise Blanker.

Compare the Atlas 350-Xl SSE-CW Transceiver with the others, and we think you'lf agrea the Atlas has everything you'll ever need in a transceiver. And it's made m America. And let us not forget to mention Our Customer Service which Is second to none. Just ask the ham who owns one.

Model 350-XL (less options). . . $99S. Model DDB-XL Digrtal Dial . . $229. Model aOBAuxiliarY VFO . $1SS.

^igt ATLAS

" ^^ RADIO INC.

417 Vi3 Del Monte. Ocsansfde, CA 32054

- Phone (7141 433-1983

. .c Special Customer Service DJreci Line

1714)433-9591

J. Tom BadgBtt K4MDK 1 91 7 W^mgton Street Bluefkid WV 247QI

Inside Ten-Tec

-' QRP innovators

t started with a telephone former president of Electro- field, a design engineer for call in 1969. Al Kahn, Voice, rang up Jack Burch- Began in New Jersey. Kahn

Dick Frey K4XU/WJFCC ts Ten-Tec's chief engineer. Ttte Century 21 is fiis design, and he's obviously proud of it "It works great on the bands, *' Dicti beams, and says he's finally doing the job he*s always wanted to do. That seems to be the spirit throughout the Ten-Tec operation.

had moved from Michigan to Seviervillei Tennesseei after he left Electro-Voice, and he wanted to get back into the mainstream.

''Hey^ Jack, come on down, and let's do some- thing/* he suggested in that first telephone call. To hear jack Burchfield tell it, a second request wasn't needed. He had so much con- fidence in the man he had worked with when he himself was at E-V, that Jack imme- diately packed up his family and moved south to Ten- nessee.

Both admit that Ten-Tac, Incorporated, a company now well-known for its solid state ham gear, wasn't formed in the conventional manner. Once they got together in Seviervillei the pair set about adding some kind of manu- facturing business to their tool and die shop already under construction. Hl-fi gear came to mind first, since both had a number of years of experience in the field.

A! says they rejected that idea pretty quickly becaiisCj '^We both were sort of tired of it. After the pioneering days were over, the fun went

out of it.'* They agreed, in- stead, that they should pioneer some form of ama- teur radio equipment for the beginner. And the Power Mite line of solid state transmitter and receiver modules was born.

Low -power, low-priced solid state kits for lh« ama- teur market was an idea whose time just hadn't come^ however, Ten-Tec sold fewer than five thousand of the units, and the ones they did sell went not to the beginner but to the guy with the S-line and the two letter call.

"If a Novice is going to work anybody with two Watts, he'd better have every- thing just about perfect," Jack said. ''So most of the equipment went to the ham who wanted the challenge and to the QRP group.'*

Whatever the reason, sales volumes weren't high enough to support the young com- pany, even though the multi- thousand square foot plant was paid for before produc- tion started. There were two founding principles they weren't ready to give up, though: low power and solid state design < The Argonaut was the next logical step^ and acceptance was a little more general, even though it stilt ran only five Watts. This was in 197L There were four more years of slim times before this guts-formed com- pany became a force large enough to be reckoned with in the ham radio market.

^ 'We're making money now/* board chairman Kahn says, '*We turned the corner with the Triton/'

One reason for the stow financial success may have been the company's strict dedication to treating the ham fairly. After the Triton came out. for example, it was decided that some design changes should be made. But before marketing the new unit, Ten-Tec made sure all the dealers knew a new design was on the way, and they instructed their dealers to tell Trilon purchasers a new box was coming.

Remmiscent of Ten- Tec i earliest beginnmgs, this htest design — a solid state CW transceiwr — began with a telephone call. Ten-Tec founder Af Kahn K4FW says he got three calls in quick succession from people wanting a reasonably priced station for large Novice classes. The Century 21 was the result - all solid state^ broadband tuning, 10 Watts input, direct conversion receiver. Complete with built-in power supply, the unit is selling for $289.00. This is a prototype, but it's all there. Nothing Is missing, even though there seems to be lots of room leftover inside.

Ten-Tec President Jack Burch field KSjU (left, standing) and Board Chairman A I Kahn K4FW (right, standing) watch as a technician gives one of the new digital Triton IVs an on-the-air

Ctt€Cl\m

Ei/en the power transformers for Ten-Tec equipment are wound at the Sevieryffte TN plant. A madiine autamaticaUy inserts l&mmathns in the transformer windings, then the whole affair is dipped in a seaiant and put on a rack to harden.

This coil winder is a Ten-Tec innovation. The machine is

attached to a digital tarns-counter^ which also is programmed to stop the winder after the proper number of turns has been applied to the form, it sa^s time and cuts down on errors.

The familiar red and black Ten-Tec iogo ready to go on a

Triton IV, or Argonaut ^ or f^eyer^ or Century 21, or power supply f or , . .

**lt probably cost us $25,000 to $30,000 to do it

that way/* Al says, **but we did it knowingly and it was the right move."

Design standards are strict, too. Until recently. Jack Burchfield was chief engineer as well as company president, and, with ten or fifteen years in the audio business, he naturally put sonne of that experience into the Triton — less than two per cent audio distortion, for example. Too, he saySi computer predictions show a useful life on the solid state finals of 25 years. (In thousands of Tritons shipped, only 5 final transistors have failed.) Each vfo board is individually compensated for temperature stability after it is built. Toroids, coils, cabinets, chassis, circuit boards^ dial mechanisms, transformers — they're all built under one roof in Sevierville, Tennessee,

What's the ham market like loday? Challenging, Jack and Al agree, and changing, A ham doesn't have to be an engineer anymore to have fynctional equipment, and, jack believes, more and more people are gelling into ham radio ''to talk to people, not to tinker/' That's one reason Ten-Tec is offering sophisti- cated gear that's easy to operate — broadband tuning, for example, and instant break-in.

Supplying the ham market is a little like trying to please all the people alt the time- It means keeping up with chang- ing technology, but, more- over^ staying abreast with what the buyer wants- To that end, a digital readout version of the Triton IV already is moving down the production line. Ri^t behind it is a solid state, CW-only transceiver, which eventually will grow into a complete station package — keyer, tuner, antenna* A kilowatt solid state linear is on the back burner.

The Ten-Tec company presents an unusual dichot- omy - state-of-the-art hard- ware and old 'fashioned

philosophy- Even though starting with all solid state equipment probably slowed the company's development, Al and Jack are adamant that whatever they design will use no tubes. They're putting those modern circuit designs in almost futuristic erv closures.

They work hard, on the other hand, to maintain a small -company, personal approach to the business as they grow. Even with $3 million in sales projected next year, there seems to be no worry about the company losing its personality,

•*We did it al Electro- Voice," A! reflects, "It's just got to start at the top and go down/*

Wherever it starts, the kcling is there. The people throughout the plant ob- viously take pride in their work. They're proud of the Ten*Tec equipment they're turning out. They seem to know a great deal about the work they perform, and there*s a comradeship among all the staff that's heartening in these days when most people seem reticent in their relationships.

It's encouraging, too, to hear a ham equipment sup- plier promise to supply state- of-the-art gear based on a good engineering design, maintain a five-year warranty on the product, and answer every query and comment on the equipment- Ham radio is growing and so are most companies supplying these new hob- byists. The hams at Ten-Tec have a move-carefully attitude - partly because theyVe not sure what direc- tion ham radio may uke in the ftjture. But Al Kahn is sure of one thing: 'Whatever you're doing, do it the best you can, and don't try to move into greener pastures until you can nail down your present job*"

That idea pervades the Sevierville planL It's as if everybody is walking around with a mouthful of nails and a big hammer, *

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The History of Ham Radio

-- part V

Reprinted from QCC Mews, a publication of the Chicago Area Cliapter of the QCWA,

The first amateur radio gel- together of any size was the St. Louis Midwest Convention in December of 1920, shortly after our li- censes became available !n 1919, No sooner had the enthusiasm at the St. Louis gathering died down, than the

ARRL Board of Directors proposed a national conven- tion.

In these early years after World War I, there was so much newness in everything connected with wireless, and there were so many orignal and worthwhile ideas to be aired, that no mere Morse code contact was sufficient* Voice communication had not as yet entered our ama- teur wireless channels. Am a-

Hurry Up Fellows !

WE DONT WANT TO MISS THAT FIRST TItAIN TO THE

FIRST NATIONAL A.R.RJ.

CONVENTION &, RADIO SHOW

IN CHICAGO

AUGUST 30lii to SEPT, 3nL 1921

Atmvtt «fO W iu»i filled ntih «|Tp«m» mnd

Ami Oh ih<iii t^Bl lijii^fikn-i ui|( Ik: ont uTvai

■ rTalrt

Ciomii aUiii^t tvUvuf*. i^iifI »pi itd five f^t thu

bptfj^ii'vl iImjii ot yuut Uf* with h n^l Uttr

US No. L« SaII* £1^ Cliicyo

MBHufacturvrj mn4 ^BftUri Hiihinp bsIi^^^I Apaf* flinuSil til'll* to

N. E. WUNDKHLICH 4SJ9 M«. S»wy«- At*.* ChUfltD

ALWAtt lU,VTTO?i Q ST WtHLH WHITtlvC TO ADVCKTUILmil

lot

teurs were on the verge of many new developments. Major Armstrong had an- nounced his **sing)e'* signal regenerative and then his supen^egenerative receiver de- signs. There were new circuits to be tested in the transmitter field, including the Colpitts, the Meissner, the Hartley, and the Heising, among others,

Amateurs wanted to be informed. They found them- selves in new technical sur- roundings. So, for the first lime, citizens of the United States and Canada, all interested in privately-owned and operated radio com- munication, decided to come together from far and near to a big first national con- vention.

The first ^thering of the clan took place from August 30 to September 3, 1921, at the Edge water Beach Hotel, located on the shore of l^ke Michi^n in Illinois, History relates ihat^ following the success achieved at this first national convention, it was ordained that two succeeding ARRL national conventions were also lo be held at the Edgewater Beach Hotel in Chicago at two year intervals - September 11 to 15, 1923, and August 18 to 23, 1925.

There was no telling what impact these get-togethers would have on the future destiny of amateur radio- Great effort and meticulous preparations were made for

months in advance to insure success. Everyone connected with the preparations hoped that this first national meeting would find at- tendance coming from the far reaches of the States and Dominion, representing all districts.

The midwest location proved to be a most stragettc and advantageous choice. The Edgewater Beach Hotel was at the Far north edge of Chicago, away from heavy traffic, with R.H.G, Mathews' 9ZN station located just to the north on the lake shore, spurting two tall Station towers, a mulLiwjre antenna, and up-to-date equipment in his spacious shack. All agreed that this was an ideal spot to congregate.

The convention committee had booked a large arena, the Chicago Broadway Armory, located within walking dis- tance of the hotel. About fifty manufacturers and dealers in ham radio gear of all description displayed and demonstrated their products. For the first time, amateurs had an opportunity to talk shop with those people who had kept amateur radio alive through their advertising in QSTf Radio Amateur News^ Wireless Age^ catalogues, and other literature. This was a ham's paradise!

The convention hall, where all the sessions took place, was a beehive of activity. There was no letup in making personal contacts, exchanging QSLs, and disr cussing many subjects slated on the agenda.

The Rrst Day

The ARRL President, Hiram Percy Maxim, ad- dressed the members with an inspiring talk concerning the aims and accomplishments which amateur radio had achieved in the relatively few years of the ARRL's organi* zaiion. In his introductory remarks, the founder of the League had the following to say:

^*A$ we meet and open this great convention, it is indeed

The First NJational A.R,R.L Convention

Radio SKow

Tne Convention

HUV liK Jiany ir^n of amltettr ndw thcw ha ifiwkf[t&i an intre^ilnf re la meet the titlicr fdlcnrf tfaai xn^ like jrmiipclf^ bfcrcsic^ m r^dio iipQ cither as m paaJtiae ac buBncu. Aad ixnv cosies a tk^ wfa^ j^our widies ibjll be grmlihtd-

VtDtf m OiKipii PCI Au^ttsl 30, 31,^ September i, 2 aiiif I, )^t^ the Amcncaii Radio Kclajr L«4i[uc wilt hold l Fiirt KttictnJtl ConveiUiaan afid lUdio Show, which averyotie ii cordialty jnvilr<| to aLtend

Otti:^go iji ilself « wcmilerfiiF Aumnier reiortp DJTerin^ everv apporninirv in arty j^iort or dav^uisn. Yon vtlt ncvi^r raf;¥V:t li^ri-ng spoil ;tart of your vacation TIk dct*tti frf the EOntrftiiiflD an i^«tttdinc1y «Tn|ffidHj»{Tv j»ti4 mi> of file converiticui wtlj be bSora up with ioierrMthff uvd ciuC^tifml cenfiMce and teettirei^ ben^ in kH i tnoH coti^ptete and iiMHifiu-iip<f [wafT^vin MomifipFv atftempfin; jtocl ei^tiii^ s^t futif arran;^ for^ Jia tint p>a win RCfirmlier iMi cfin^eistiai 3& vxne o( i]w mxm oijfifatUe ilji]rt 6f vtinr life.

T>irrc vtiU be [leeifile tlist ymi know and many iKat fou ifo not know tfnu will Im frcscni frtttn every district find city in ihti grrtat Uniml Sutcs. t'lnibaUy the nloal imporuni fcoturc rif the cofivetiiion will be tht luigc baiifjuer nn ihe ni|[hl of ^cpleinbci 3rd, and [here slioiild i>t nofie {jUin)^ to »i1lri]d. Mver^vlxHJj ttom Ihc Ymju^ Squiti up ta Presidcfit H«rdinc wiU \k I here to ptt* you tlw tqpr And leS jmi wtui a ireord statim Ik or tlie b fotPitE li» have Hut iu&cbl

Tbr fim day will be firoi ovrr cntinily to The ardhralt n^iiirstiiaa afid local ii^g of llie majiy ddesalML Tbc profEam will Hart pnx^ll|' ■! ten A. M, Aiifist J}itf io 3»a shoKild arrange to Inf in Quctfo Hntie lime di^riz^ ihe pferkiDs ftajr* Aufv^ IQitb

"We h»ve armiriftd to nccotninftdatc you at rhi! finest boi«U b the cjly, irery c]oi« lo all aclivtijfs„ at ratci from two dolfarv per day up

From ilic (norneni ihsir eatb delegate iiTi***, and ihfy ihould niM fereet to brnif iJbe ladntf. unlll iJicrr dtpartufe, ibe itlmast Qjt eonsideratuin will tie i|flvpi«d to their uletj, cttnlort and fdettnrc.

CodvaiitMa Ade^Mim will be ailaittl»4 t<> tlw Bieetlq^iv teditHft. speetrrt- rvpeifitiaiH and Um Ratfin Sfcaw witbnut any cfaacfc

tlanqMcf ct^rgE^ Will be fivE dfdlvo p^r plate, and rTscrvntirm^ slmutd he made imtnedi&lety with ccmventlD^ rescrvatiao min^gtt^

M. C. BOS lid N«i USdJ* StitHt

tlCtA*

a historic event . ., In years to come^ much will be said about what we do here at this first convention. We are strik- ing out into the unknown, and even the smaller actions which we take here during the next few days will weigh heavily in the future, for they wHl establish precedents and standards , , . Let us not for- get that we are pioneers, blazing a way many are to follow. Our responsibility is great, and we must so reprd iL It fs one thing to repeat what has already been done, but it is another altogether different thing to do what has never been done before. What you see before you here to- day has never happened in the affairs of man. Not only is it a great pioneer effort in radio history, but it is a great pioneer effort in political history. We American and Canadian citizens assembled in this room represent pioneers in the development of something totally revolu- tionary in the art of com- munication. The like of what we are doing and proposing

had never crossed the brain of man a short ten years ago. We already have a privately- owned, absolutely free con* tinentwide means of instan- taneous communication and no man may say we shall not make it worldwide." (What prophetic statements emerged from this gathering of dedi- cated and enthusiastic men!) **lt is no small distinc- tion," our President went on to say, "to be one of those who make history."

General and Technical Sessions

There would be no point in listing the names of the high and low notables in attendance. They were all present. The program com- mittee had topics scheduled for discussion pertaining to club organization, inter- ference control, observations of laws, legislative matters, message handling, and many technical subjects.

Charles H, Steward, member of the ARRL legisla- tive committee, reviewed pending legislation, a matter

The Radio Show

HE manolaeturcxs wi4 deatert' eidiiiiit k the fitv Nuiotiat fiaiBo Show* wbich js to be held tn conjinicliDnL with ibe coaventiQcip will be the taoft s^tilacviat cfrnglonicnstinFi oi Htodcrrv raitirt ^^i^aipmutC thai hss evcf tieen put on displjiy ui3di?r nite sooL Thm gorgeoui and pain|)uuK affair will Ik i/vell «vorili ihe trip ittelf'

The Btradiray Armoty, the mtm (nodem Miid laifcsi eichibit and wfivcniJcni boildiiif in ChicafE^ will be uted esjltrdy itx this great tbow.

Utildtd ima modiril exhibit biMilu and beaittifaDjr deettraud im mc icomS^ it wiH eqaal in vpleiutor any of tlH ancceiaful rnmaadtHAt ihnwi Tha M^pitaiJt «C ihe «SiJr is poijtrireljr MatKHkita^

It will indeed be a gnal thing for lite manufactuier and dealer, n-n il isi hdd •It a time thai 4:iuiik.q Ehe opcTiiiii; ot a new and more active r^dio seoson- Builfiesn coddLtioni tire j':ipidly irttpravjn|f mid a very nuccessful leaion is

predicted.

In iddJtKm to publktty (fana wikHit pufaIu:3lion«v droibn and pUc^iiii, lite daily iKunfapers widli eirttibfiiHi tivcr ihe nutlion maifc iriJI l<€ co!iph>ved Ui ^dv^nise tbe tihenr, Tliri thtxiiA nsult in i daBy aiiendlaiEf o( aBjubwe fnjm three tA eij^hi tbctsaftd at halemted

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